Chapter 1: Scientific Thinking in Psychology 1
Why Take This Course? 2
Ways of Knowing 6
Science as a Way of Knowing 10
Psychological Science and Pseudoscience 18
The Goals of Research in Psychology 22
A Passion for Research in Psychology (Part I) 24
Chapter 2: Ethics in Psychological Research 33
Developing the APA Code of Ethics 34
Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans 35
Ethical Guidelines for Research with Animals 54
Scientific Fraud 60
Ethics Codes outside the United States 62
Chapter 3: Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology 69
Varieties of Psychological Research 70
Asking Empirical Questions 77
Developing Research from Observations of Behavior and Serendipity 79
Developing Research from Theory 81
Developing Research from Other Research 89
Creative Thinking in Science 94
Reviewing the Literature 96
Chapter 4: Measurement and Data Analysis 105
What to Measure-Varieties of Behavior 106
Evaluating Measures 110
Scales of Measurement 115
Statistical Analysis 118
Chapter 5: Introduction to Experimental Research 141
Essential Features of Experimental Research 142
Manipulated Versus Subject Variables 149
The Validity of Experimental Research 154
Threats to Internal Validity 161
Chapter 6: Methodological Control in Experimental Research 173
Between-Subjects Designs 174
Creating Equivalent Groups 175
Within-Subjects Designs 181
Controlling Order Effects 184
Methodological Control in Developmental Research 190
Controlling for the Effects of Bias 192
Chapter 7: Experimental Design I: Single-Factor Designs 205
Single Factor-Two Levels 206
Single Factor-More Than Two Levels 215
Special-Purpose Control Group Designs 227
Chapter 8: Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs 239
Essentials of Factorial Designs 240
Outcomes-Main Effects and Interactions 241
Varieties of Factorial Designs 256
Chapter 9: Correlational Research 279
Correlation and Regression: The Basics 280
Interpreting Correlations 291
Using Correlations 297
Multivariate Analysis 304
Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs and Applied Research 311
Beyond the Laboratory 312
Quasi-Experimental Designs 317
Program Evaluation 336
Chapter 11: Small N Designs 347
Research in Psychology Began with Small N 348
Reasons for Small N Designs 351
Small N Designs in Applied Behavior Analysis 360
Case Study Designs 373
Evaluating Case Studies 375
Chapter 12: Observational and Survey Research Methods 381
Observational Research 382
Survey Research 392
Epilogue 417
What I Learned in My Research Methods Course 417
A Passion for Research in Psychology (Part II) 419
Appendix A: Communicating the Results of Research in Psychology 421
Appendix B: The Ethics Code of the American Psychological Association 443
Appendix C: Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Applications Exercises 447
Glossary 467
References 477
Name Index 491
Subject Index 499
