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This is the latest version of Charles H. Corwin's best selling lab manual, which has been used by over 250,000 students. This fourth edition retains the highly effective format of a prelaboratory assignment, a stepwise procedure, and a postlaboratory assignment. These experiments have been used successfully with students enrolled in Introductory Chemistry, Preparatory Chemistry, and Allied Health Chemistry.
PREFACE to the FOURTH EDITION ix
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1
LOCKER INVENTORY 3
EXPERIMENTS
1 Introduction to Chemistry 7
Topic: The Scientific Method
A. Instructor Demonstrations
B. Student Experiments
2 Instrumental Measurements 17
Topic: The Metric System
A. Length Measurement
B. Mass Measurement
C. Volume Measurement
D. Temperature Measurement
E. Mass and Volume of an Unknown Solid
3 Density of Liquids and Solids 29
Topic: Density
A. Instructor Demonstration
B. Density of Water
C. Density of an Unknown Liquid
D. Density of a Rubber Stopper
E. Density of an Unknown Solid
F. Thickness of Aluminum Foil
4 Freezing Points and Melting Points 43
Topic: Change of Physical State
A. Cooling Curve and Freezing Point
B. Melting Point of an Unknown
5 Physical Properties and Chemical Properties 55
Topic: Physical and Chemical Properties
A. Physical Properties
B. Chemical Properties
6 Atomic Fingerprints 67
Topic: Emission Spectra and Electron Energy Levels
A. Continuous Spectrum - White Light
B. Line Spectrum - Hydrogen
C. Line Spectra - Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Mercury
D. Identifying Unknown Elements in a Fluorescent Light
7 Families of Elements 79
Topic: The Periodic Table
A. Analysis of Known Solutions
B. Analysis of an Unknown Solution
8 Identifying Cations in Solution 89
Topic: Qualitative Cation Analysis
A. Analysis of a Known Cation Solution
B. Analysis of an Unknown Cation Solution
9 Identifying Anions in Solution 101
Topic: Qualitative Anion Analysis
A. Analysis of a Known Anion Solution
B. Analysis of an Unknown Anion Solution
10 Analysis of a Penny 113
Topic: Writing Chemical Equations
A. Combination Reactions-Instructor Demonstrations
B. Decomposition Reactions
C. Single-Replacement Reactions
D. Double-Replacement Reactions
E. Neutralization Reactions
F. Percentages of Copper and Zinc in a Penny
11 Determination of Avogadro's Number 127
Topic: Avogadro's Number and the Mole Concept
A. Calibrating a Dropper Pipet
B. Determining Avogadro's Number
12 Empirical Formulas of Compounds 139
Topic: Empirical Formula
A. Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide
B. Empirical Formula of Copper Sulfide
13 Analysis of Alum 149
Topic: Percent Composition and Empirical Formula
A. Percentage of Water in Alum Hydrate
B. Percentage of Water in an Unknown Hydrate
C. Water of Crystallization in an Unknown Hydrate
14 Decomposing Baking Soda 159
Topic: Mass-Mass Stoichiometry and Percent Yield
A. Percent Yield of Na2CO3 from Baking Soda
B. Percentage of NaHCO3 in an Unknown Mixture
15 Precipitating Calcium Phosphate 169
Topic: Mass-Mass Stoichiometry and Percent Yield
A. Percent Yield of Ca3(PO4)2 from CaCl2
B. Percentage of CaCl2 in an Unknown Mixture
16 Generating Hydrogen Gas 179
Topic: Mass-Volume Stoichiometry and Combined Gas Law
A. Molar Volume of Hydrogen Gas
B. Atomic Mass of an Unknown Metal
17 Generating Oxygen Gas 191
Topic: Mass-Volume Stoichiometry and Combined Gas Law
A. Percentage of KClO3 in a Known Mixture
B. Percentage of KClO3 in an Unknown Mixture
18 Molecular Models and Chemical Bonds 203
Topic: Chemical Bonding and Electron Dot Formulas
A. Molecular Models with Single Bonds
B. Molecular Models with Double Bonds
C. Molecular Models with Triple Bonds
D. Molecular Models with Two Double Bonds
E. Unknown Molecular Models
19 Analysis of Saltwater 219
Topic: Solubility and Solution Concentration
A. Solutes and Solvents
B. Rate of Dissolving
C. Demonstration of Supersaturation
D. Concentration of Sodium Chloride in Saltwater
20 Analysis of Vinegar 231
Topic: Acid-Base Titrations
A. Preparation of Standard Sodium Hydroxide Solution
B. Concentration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
21 Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions 243
Topic: Net Ionic Equations
A. Conductivity Testing-Evidence for Ions in Aqueous Solution
B. Conductivity Testing-Evidence for a Chemical Reaction
C. Net Ionic Equations-A Study Assignment
22 Activity Series of Metals 257
Topic: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
A. Oxidation Numbers of Manganese
B. Oxidation Numbers of Chromium
C. Oxidation Numbers of Sulfur
D. Oxidation Numbers of Nitrogen
E. Oxidation-Reduction Equations
F. Activity Series and an Unknown Metal
23 Organic Models and Functional Groups 273
Topic: Classes of Organic Compounds
A. Molecular Models of Hydrocarbons
B. Molecular Models of Hydrocarbon Derivatives
C. Unknown Molecular Models
24 Separation of Food Colors and Amino Acids 289
Topic: Separation of Biochemical Compounds
A. Separation of Food Colors by Paper Chromatography
B. Identification of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography
APPENDICES
A Laboratory Burner 303
B Platform Balance 304
C Beam Balance 305
D Electronic Balance 306
E Volumetric Pipet 307
F Common Cations and Anions 308
G Activity Series 310
H Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds 311
I Glossary 312
J Answers to Prelaboratory Assignments 321