Section 1: Principles of Critical Care Chapter 1 - The Critically Ill Patient Chapter 2 - The Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care Chapter 3 - Mechanical Ventilation Chapter 4 - Hemodynamic Support in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 5 - Monitoring Organ Dysfunction in Critical Care Chapter 6 - Kidney-Specific Severity Scores Section 2: Principles of Renal Physiology Chapter 7 - The Physiology of the Glomerulus Chapter 8 - The Physiology of the Loop of Henle Chapter 9 - Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Functional Reserve, and Kidney Stress Testing Chapter 10 - Renal Energy Consumption and Metabolism Section 3: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Care Chapter 11 - Acute Kidney Injury: From Clinical to Molecular Diagnosis Chapter 12 - Community- and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 13 - Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients Chapter 14 - Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Section 4: Exposures and Patient Susceptibility Chapter 15 - Genetic Predisposition for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Chapter 16 - Risk Factors and Risk Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 17 - Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury Section 5: Humoral and Cellular Mechanisms of Kidney Damage Chapter 18 - Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure Chapter 19 - Humoral Mediators in Sepsis Chapter 20 - Cell Death Pathways: Apoptosis and Regulated Necrosis Chapter 21 - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Their Receptors in Acute Kidney Injury Section 6: Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury and Biomarkers Chapter 22 - Acute Kidney Disease Chapter 23 - Acute Kidney Disease, Renal Recovery, and Post-Acute Kidney Injury Care Chapter 24 - The Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 25 - Functional Biomarkers Chapter 26 - Damage Biomarkers Chapter 27 - Kidney Stress Biomarkers Section 7: Mechanisms of Repair or Progression Chapter 28 - Renal Repair and Recovery Chapter 29 - Maladaptive Repair and Progression to CKD Chapter 30 - Biomarkers of Recovery and/or Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury Section 8: Renal Histopathology in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 31 - Practical Considerations of Renal Biopsies in Critical Care Patients Chapter 32 - Localization of Injury and Repair Pathways Section 9: Imaging Techniques in Critical Care Nephrology Chapter 33 - Ultrasonography and Doppler Techniques Chapter 34 - Contrast-Enhanced Renal Ultrasound Chapter 35 - Traditional Radiology, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Critical Care Nephrology Chapter 36 - Radionuclides Diagnostic Techniques Section 10: Clinical Syndromes and Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 37 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction Chapter 38 - Acute Kidney Injury in Burns and Trauma Chapter 39 - Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 40 - Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy Chapter 41 - Acute Kidney Injury in Oncology and Tumor Lysis Syndrome Chapter 42 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery Chapter 43 - Acute Kidney Injury in Major Surgery Chapter 44 - Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure Chapter 45 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis Chapter 46 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients Chapter 47 - Acute Glomerulonephritis Chapter 48 - Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 49 - Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Chapter 50 - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Section 11: Prevention and Treatment: General Treatment Concepts Chapter 51 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Acute Renal Injury Chapter 52 - Novel Drugs for Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 53 - Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Section 12: Fluid and Electrolytes Chapter 54 - Blood Biochemistry: Measuring Major Plasma Electrolytes Chapter 55 - Assessment of Urine Biochemistry Chapter 56 - Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance Chapter 57 - Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium Chapter 58 - Calcium and Phosphate Physiology Chapter 59 - Principles of Fluid Therapy Chapter 60 - Blood Transfusion Therapy Chapter 61 - Loop and Thiazide Diuretics Chapter 62 - Vaptans and the Treatment of Hyponatremia Chapter 63 - Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene Section 13: Acid-Base Chapter 64 - Laboratory Tests: Blood Gases, Anion Gap, and Strong Ion Gap Chapter 65 - Acid-Base Physiology and Diagnosis of Disorders Chapter 66 - Metabolic Acidosis Chapter 67 - Hyperlactatemia and Lactic Acidosis Chapter 68 - Renal Tubular Acidosis Chapter 69 - Metabolic Alkalosis Chapter 70 - Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders Chapter 71 - Iatrogenic and Poison-Derived Acid Base Disorders Section 14: Metabolism and Nutrition in Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 72 - Energy Requirement and Consumption in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 73 - Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy on Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 74 - Amino Acid Turnover, Protein Metabolism, and Nitrogen Balance in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 75 - Carbohydrates and Lipids Chapter 76 - Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness Chapter 77 - Anemia of Critical Illness Chapter 78 - Management of Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 79 - Blood Glucose Control in Critical Care Chapter 80 - Enteral Nutrition Section 15: Infectious Diseases and Sepsis Chapter 81 - Microbiologic Considerations in the Intensive Care Patient Chapter 82 - Innate Immunity and the Kidney Chapter 83 - Adaptive Immunity and Critical Illness Chapter 84 - Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Hepatorenal Syndrome Chapter 85 - Tropical Infections Causing Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 86 - Sepsis and Septic Shock Chapter 87 - Complement and Its Consequences in Sepsis Chapter 88 - Coagulation Abnormalities in Sepsis Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis Book chapterFull text access Chapter 89 - Endothelial Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis Chapter 90 - Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 91 - Recommendations for Sepsis Management Chapter 92 - Principles of Antimicrobial Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 93 - Renal Replacement Therapy for Septic Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 94 - Blood Purification for Sepsis Chapter 95 - Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant Chapter 96 - Critical Care Viral Infections Chapter 97 - Principles of Antibiotic Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Patients With Acute Renal Failure Section 16: Acute Intoxication and Poisoning Chapter 98 - Drugs and Antidotes in Acute Intoxication Chapter 99 - Extracorporeal Therapies in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning Chapter 100 - Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning Chapter 101 - Poisoning: Kinetics to Therapeutics Section 17: Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Crosstalk Chapter 102 - Bleeding and Hemostasis in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 103 - Gastrointestinal Problems in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 104 - Cardiovascular Problems in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 105 - Water and Electrolyte Disturbances in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 106 - Neurologic Problems in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 107 - Immunologic and Infectious Complications of Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 108 - Cellular Response to Acute Kidney Injury Section 18: Interaction of the Heart and the Kidney Chapter 109 - Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk Chapter 110 - Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome Chapter 111 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 Chapter 112 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2 Chapter 113 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3 Chapter 114 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4 Chapter 115 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5 Chapter 116 - Renal Function During Cardiac Mechanical Support and Artificial Heart Chapter 117 - The Kidney in Diastolic Dysfunction Chapter 118 - Principles of Diuretic Management in Heart Failure Chapter 119 - Management of Overhydration in Heart Failure Patients Chapter 120 - Recent Advances for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Kidney Disease Section 19: Interaction of the Lung and Kidney Chapter 121 - Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk Chapter 122 - The Kidney During Mechanical Ventilation Chapter 123 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Renal Function Chapter 124 - Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal Chapter 125 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Adults and Children Chapter 126 - Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome Section 20: The Liver and the Kidney Chapter 127 - Liver-Kidney Interaction Chapter 128 - Pathophysiology and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome Chapter 129 - Kidney Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation Chapter 130 - Extracorporeal Liver Support Devices Section 21: Interaction of the Brain and the Kidney Chapter 131 - Treatment of Combined Acute Renal Failure and Cerebral Edema Chapter 132 - Renal Protection in the Organ Donor Chapter 133 - Effect of Extracorporeal Therapies on the Brain Section 22: Fluid Balance and its Management in the Critically Ill Chapter 134 - Components of Fluid Balance and Monitoring Chapter 135 - Noninvasive Methods of Fluid Status Assessment in Critically Ill Patients Chapter 136 - Management of Fluid Overload in Cardiorenal Patients: The Five B Approach Chapter 137 - Mechanical Fluid Removal Section 23: General Principles of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 138 - Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Chapter 139 - Principles of Extracorporeal Circulation and Transport Phenomena Chapter 140 - Membranes and Filters for Use in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 141 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Machine Technology Chapter 142 - Principles of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Circuits Chapter 143 - Dialysis Solutions and Replacement Fluids Chapter 144 - Starting and Stopping Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Chapter 145 - The Concept of Renal Replacement Therapy Dose and Efficiency Chapter 146 - Quantification of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 147 - Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in Extracorporeal Therapies Chapter 148 - Ethical Considerations in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Section 24: Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapies Chapter 149 - Intermittent Techniques for Acute Dialysis Chapter 150 - Solute and Water Transport in Hemodialysis: Dialyzers, Flow Distribution, and Cross-Filtration Chapter 151 - Biocompatibility of the Dialysis System Chapter 152 - Composition of Hemodialysis Fluid Chapter 153 - Indications for and Contraindications to Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients Chapter 154 - Technical and Clinical Complications of Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 155 - Correction of Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Hemodialysis and Derived Techniques Chapter 156 - Urea Kinetics, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Other Intermittent Treatments Chapter 157 - Assessment of Fluid Status and Body Composition and Control of Fluid Balance With Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 158 - Outcomes of Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 159 - Hybrid Dialysis Techniques in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 160 - The Role of Plasmapheresis in Critical Illness Chapter 161 - Cascade Filtration for ABO Incompatible Transplant Chapter 162 - Nursing Issues and Procedures in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Section 25: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT) Chapter 163 - Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Renal Replacement Versus Renal Support Chapter 164 - Beginning and Ending Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 165 - Solute and Water Kinetics in Continuous Therapies Chapter 166 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Modalities and Their Selection Chapter 167 - Vascular Access for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 168 - Anticoagulation Strategies for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 169 - Nursing Strategies to Prevent Coagulation of the Extracorporeal Circuit Chapter 170 - Adequacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Prescription and Delivery Chapter 171 - High-Volume Hemofiltration in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 172 - Pulse High-Volume Hemofiltration in Management of Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock Chapter 173 - High Cutoff Membranes for Mediators Removal Chapter 174 - Clinical Effects of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies Chapter 175 - Antibiotic Adjustment in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 176 - Nomenclature: Basic Principles Chapter 177 - Nomenclature: Techniques Section 26: Peritoneal Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 178 - Peritoneal Dialysis System Chapter 179 - Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 180 - Solute and Water Transport Across the Peritoneal Barrier Chapter 181 - Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Technique: Intermittent or Continuous Chapter 182 - Correction of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 183 - Feasibility, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 184 - Clinical Results and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 185 - Treatment of Peritonitis and Other Clinical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 186 - Comparison of Peritoneal Dialysis With Other Treatments for Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 187 - Continuous-Flow Peritoneal Dialysis as Acute Therapy Chapter 188 - Nursing and Procedure Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis Section 27: Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis Chapter 189 - Sorbents: From Basic Structure to Clinical Application Chapter 190 - Therapeutic Apheresis in Critically Ill Patients: Indications, Modalities and Techniques, Clinical Results Chapter 191 - Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis: Coupled Plasmafiltration-Adsorption Chapter 192 - Prometheus System Chapter 193 - Toraymyxin and Other Endotoxin Adsorption Systems Chapter 194 - Plasmafiltration-Adsorption-Dialysis System Chapter 195 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Support Chapter 196 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pulmonary Support Chapter 197 - Cell-Based Therapies Section 28: Critical Care Nephrology in Pediatrics Chapter 198 - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 199 - Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 200 - Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children: Conservative Management to Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 201 - Technical Aspects of Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 202 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Chapter 203 - Drug Dosing in Pediatric Acute Kidney Insufficiency and Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 204 - Nutrition of Critically Ill Children With Acute Renal Failure Chapter 205 - Outcome of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 206 - Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill Infant Chapter 207 - Neonatal Hyperammonemia and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 208 - Modified Ultrafiltration in Pediatric Heart Surgery Chapter 209 - Techniques and Machines for Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 210 - Antibiotics in Critically Ill Newborns and Children: Nephrotoxicity and Management During Renal Replacement Therapy Section 29: Kidney Transplantation and Critical Care Chapter 211 - Patient Selection and Pretransplantation Care for Kidney Transplant Recipients Chapter 212 - Kidney Support and Perioperative Care in Kidney Transplantation Chapter 213 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients Section 30: Special Kidney Problems in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 214 - Management of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 215 - Management of Patients with Diabetes in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 216 - Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department Chapter 217 - Anticancer Drugs and the Kidney Chapter 218 - Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Kidney Chapter 219 - Calcineurin Inhibitors and Other Immunosuppressive Drugs and the Kidney Chapter 220 - Alternative Medicine and Chinese Herbs and the Kidney Chapter 221 - Environment, Smoking, Obesity, and the Kidney Chapter 222 - Lead and Heavy Metals and the Kidney Chapter 223 - Statins and the Kidney Chapter 224 - Erythropoietin Therapy in Critically Ill and Acute Kidney Injury Patients Chapter 225 - Vasoactive Drugs, Renal Function, and Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 226 - End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 227 - Hypothermia and the Kidney Chapter 228 - Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acute Kidney Injury Section 1: Principles of Critical Care Chapter 1 - The Critically Ill Patient Chapter 2 - The Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care Chapter 3 - Mechanical Ventilation Chapter 4 - Hemodynamic Support in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 5 - Monitoring Organ Dysfunction in Critical Care Chapter 6 - Kidney-Specific Severity Scores Section 2: Principles of Renal Physiology Chapter 7 - The Physiology of the Glomerulus Chapter 8 - The Physiology of the Loop of Henle Chapter 9 - Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Functional Reserve, and Kidney Stress Testing Chapter 10 - Renal Energy Consumption and Metabolism Section 3: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Care Chapter 11 - Acute Kidney Injury: From Clinical to Molecular Diagnosis Chapter 12 - Community- and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 13 - Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients Chapter 14 - Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Section 4: Exposures and Patient Susceptibility Chapter 15 - Genetic Predisposition for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Chapter 16 - Risk Factors and Risk Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 17 - Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury Section 5: Humoral and Cellular Mechanisms of Kidney Damage Chapter 18 - Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure Chapter 19 - Humoral Mediators in Sepsis Chapter 20 - Cell Death Pathways: Apoptosis and Regulated Necrosis Chapter 21 - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Their Receptors in Acute Kidney Injury Section 6: Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury and Biomarkers Chapter 22 - Acute Kidney Disease Chapter 23 - Acute Kidney Disease, Renal Recovery, and Post-Acute Kidney Injury Care Chapter 24 - The Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 25 - Functional Biomarkers Chapter 26 - Damage Biomarkers Chapter 27 - Kidney Stress Biomarkers Section 7: Mechanisms of Repair or Progression Chapter 28 - Renal Repair and Recovery Chapter 29 - Maladaptive Repair and Progression to CKD Chapter 30 - Biomarkers of Recovery and/or Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury Section 8: Renal Histopathology in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 31 - Practical Considerations of Renal Biopsies in Critical Care Patients Chapter 32 - Localization of Injury and Repair Pathways Section 9: Imaging Techniques in Critical Care Nephrology Chapter 33 - Ultrasonography and Doppler Techniques Chapter 34 - Contrast-Enhanced Renal Ultrasound Chapter 35 - Traditional Radiology, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Critical Care Nephrology Chapter 36 - Radionuclides Diagnostic Techniques Section 10: Clinical Syndromes and Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 37 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction Chapter 38 - Acute Kidney Injury in Burns and Trauma Chapter 39 - Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 40 - Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy Chapter 41 - Acute Kidney Injury in Oncology and Tumor Lysis Syndrome Chapter 42 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery Chapter 43 - Acute Kidney Injury in Major Surgery Chapter 44 - Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure Chapter 45 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis Chapter 46 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients Chapter 47 - Acute Glomerulonephritis Chapter 48 - Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 49 - Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Chapter 50 - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Section 11: Prevention and Treatment: General Treatment Concepts Chapter 51 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Acute Renal Injury Chapter 52 - Novel Drugs for Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 53 - Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Section 12: Fluid and Electrolytes Chapter 54 - Blood Biochemistry: Measuring Major Plasma Electrolytes Chapter 55 - Assessment of Urine Biochemistry Chapter 56 - Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance Chapter 57 - Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium Chapter 58 - Calcium and Phosphate Physiology Chapter 59 - Principles of Fluid Therapy Chapter 60 - Blood Transfusion Therapy Chapter 61 - Loop and Thiazide Diuretics Chapter 62 - Vaptans and the Treatment of Hyponatremia Chapter 63 - Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene Section 13: Acid-Base Chapter 64 - Laboratory Tests: Blood Gases, Anion Gap, and Strong Ion Gap Chapter 65 - Acid-Base Physiology and Diagnosis of Disorders Chapter 66 - Metabolic Acidosis Chapter 67 - Hyperlactatemia and Lactic Acidosis Chapter 68 - Renal Tubular Acidosis Chapter 69 - Metabolic Alkalosis Chapter 70 - Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders Chapter 71 - Iatrogenic and Poison-Derived Acid Base Disorders Section 14: Metabolism and Nutrition in Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 72 - Energy Requirement and Consumption in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 73 - Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy on Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 74 - Amino Acid Turnover, Protein Metabolism, and Nitrogen Balance in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 75 - Carbohydrates and Lipids Chapter 76 - Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness Chapter 77 - Anemia of Critical Illness Chapter 78 - Management of Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 79 - Blood Glucose Control in Critical Care Chapter 80 - Enteral Nutrition Section 15: Infectious Diseases and Sepsis Chapter 81 - Microbiologic Considerations in the Intensive Care Patient Chapter 82 - Innate Immunity and the Kidney Chapter 83 - Adaptive Immunity and Critical Illness Chapter 84 - Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Hepatorenal Syndrome Chapter 85 - Tropical Infections Causing Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 86 - Sepsis and Septic Shock Chapter 87 - Complement and Its Consequences in Sepsis Chapter 88 - Coagulation Abnormalities in Sepsis Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis Book chapterFull text access Chapter 89 - Endothelial Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis Chapter 90 - Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 91 - Recommendations for Sepsis Management Chapter 92 - Principles of Antimicrobial Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 93 - Renal Replacement Therapy for Septic Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 94 - Blood Purification for Sepsis Chapter 95 - Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant Chapter 96 - Critical Care Viral Infections Chapter 97 - Principles of Antibiotic Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Patients With Acute Renal Failure Section 16: Acute Intoxication and Poisoning Chapter 98 - Drugs and Antidotes in Acute Intoxication Chapter 99 - Extracorporeal Therapies in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning Chapter 100 - Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning Chapter 101 - Poisoning: Kinetics to Therapeutics Section 17: Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Crosstalk Chapter 102 - Bleeding and Hemostasis in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 103 - Gastrointestinal Problems in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 104 - Cardiovascular Problems in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 105 - Water and Electrolyte Disturbances in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 106 - Neurologic Problems in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 107 - Immunologic and Infectious Complications of Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 108 - Cellular Response to Acute Kidney Injury Section 18: Interaction of the Heart and the Kidney Chapter 109 - Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk Chapter 110 - Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome Chapter 111 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 Chapter 112 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2 Chapter 113 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3 Chapter 114 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4 Chapter 115 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5 Chapter 116 - Renal Function During Cardiac Mechanical Support and Artificial Heart Chapter 117 - The Kidney in Diastolic Dysfunction Chapter 118 - Principles of Diuretic Management in Heart Failure Chapter 119 - Management of Overhydration in Heart Failure Patients Chapter 120 - Recent Advances for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Kidney Disease Section 19: Interaction of the Lung and Kidney Chapter 121 - Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk Chapter 122 - The Kidney During Mechanical Ventilation Chapter 123 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Renal Function Chapter 124 - Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal Chapter 125 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Adults and Children Chapter 126 - Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome Section 20: The Liver and the Kidney Chapter 127 - Liver-Kidney Interaction Chapter 128 - Pathophysiology and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome Chapter 129 - Kidney Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation Chapter 130 - Extracorporeal Liver Support Devices Section 21: Interaction of the Brain and the Kidney Chapter 131 - Treatment of Combined Acute Renal Failure and Cerebral Edema Chapter 132 - Renal Protection in the Organ Donor Chapter 133 - Effect of Extracorporeal Therapies on the Brain Section 22: Fluid Balance and its Management in the Critically Ill Chapter 134 - Components of Fluid Balance and Monitoring Chapter 135 - Noninvasive Methods of Fluid Status Assessment in Critically Ill Patients Chapter 136 - Management of Fluid Overload in Cardiorenal Patients: The Five B Approach Chapter 137 - Mechanical Fluid Removal Section 23: General Principles of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 138 - Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Chapter 139 - Principles of Extracorporeal Circulation and Transport Phenomena Chapter 140 - Membranes and Filters for Use in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 141 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Machine Technology Chapter 142 - Principles of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Circuits Chapter 143 - Dialysis Solutions and Replacement Fluids Chapter 144 - Starting and Stopping Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Chapter 145 - The Concept of Renal Replacement Therapy Dose and Efficiency Chapter 146 - Quantification of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 147 - Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in Extracorporeal Therapies Chapter 148 - Ethical Considerations in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Section 24: Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapies Chapter 149 - Intermittent Techniques for Acute Dialysis Chapter 150 - Solute and Water Transport in Hemodialysis: Dialyzers, Flow Distribution, and Cross-Filtration Chapter 151 - Biocompatibility of the Dialysis System Chapter 152 - Composition of Hemodialysis Fluid Chapter 153 - Indications for and Contraindications to Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients Chapter 154 - Technical and Clinical Complications of Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 155 - Correction of Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Hemodialysis and Derived Techniques Chapter 156 - Urea Kinetics, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Other Intermittent Treatments Chapter 157 - Assessment of Fluid Status and Body Composition and Control of Fluid Balance With Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 158 - Outcomes of Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 159 - Hybrid Dialysis Techniques in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 160 - The Role of Plasmapheresis in Critical Illness Chapter 161 - Cascade Filtration for ABO Incompatible Transplant Chapter 162 - Nursing Issues and Procedures in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Section 25: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT) Chapter 163 - Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Renal Replacement Versus Renal Support Chapter 164 - Beginning and Ending Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 165 - Solute and Water Kinetics in Continuous Therapies Chapter 166 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Modalities and Their Selection Chapter 167 - Vascular Access for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 168 - Anticoagulation Strategies for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 169 - Nursing Strategies to Prevent Coagulation of the Extracorporeal Circuit Chapter 170 - Adequacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Prescription and Delivery Chapter 171 - High-Volume Hemofiltration in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 172 - Pulse High-Volume Hemofiltration in Management of Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock Chapter 173 - High Cutoff Membranes for Mediators Removal Chapter 174 - Clinical Effects of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies Chapter 175 - Antibiotic Adjustment in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 176 - Nomenclature: Basic Principles Chapter 177 - Nomenclature: Techniques Section 26: Peritoneal Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 178 - Peritoneal Dialysis System Chapter 179 - Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure Chapter 180 - Solute and Water Transport Across the Peritoneal Barrier Chapter 181 - Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Technique: Intermittent or Continuous Chapter 182 - Correction of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 183 - Feasibility, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 184 - Clinical Results and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 185 - Treatment of Peritonitis and Other Clinical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Critically Ill Patient Chapter 186 - Comparison of Peritoneal Dialysis With Other Treatments for Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 187 - Continuous-Flow Peritoneal Dialysis as Acute Therapy Chapter 188 - Nursing and Procedure Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis Section 27: Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis Chapter 189 - Sorbents: From Basic Structure to Clinical Application Chapter 190 - Therapeutic Apheresis in Critically Ill Patients: Indications, Modalities and Techniques, Clinical Results Chapter 191 - Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis: Coupled Plasmafiltration-Adsorption Chapter 192 - Prometheus System Chapter 193 - Toraymyxin and Other Endotoxin Adsorption Systems Chapter 194 - Plasmafiltration-Adsorption-Dialysis System Chapter 195 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Support Chapter 196 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pulmonary Support Chapter 197 - Cell-Based Therapies Section 28: Critical Care Nephrology in Pediatrics Chapter 198 - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 199 - Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 200 - Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children: Conservative Management to Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 201 - Technical Aspects of Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 202 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Chapter 203 - Drug Dosing in Pediatric Acute Kidney Insufficiency and Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 204 - Nutrition of Critically Ill Children With Acute Renal Failure Chapter 205 - Outcome of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 206 - Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill Infant Chapter 207 - Neonatal Hyperammonemia and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 208 - Modified Ultrafiltration in Pediatric Heart Surgery Chapter 209 - Techniques and Machines for Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy Chapter 210 - Antibiotics in Critically Ill Newborns and Children: Nephrotoxicity and Management During Renal Replacement Therapy Section 29: Kidney Transplantation and Critical Care Chapter 211 - Patient Selection and Pretransplantation Care for Kidney Transplant Recipients Chapter 212 - Kidney Support and Perioperative Care in Kidney Transplantation Chapter 213 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients Section 30: Special Kidney Problems in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 214 - Management of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 215 - Management of Patients with Diabetes in the Intensive Care Unit Chapter 216 - Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department Chapter 217 - Anticancer Drugs and the Kidney Chapter 218 - Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Kidney Chapter 219 - Calcineurin Inhibitors and Other Immunosuppressive Drugs and the Kidney Chapter 220 - Alternative Medicine and Chinese Herbs and the Kidney Chapter 221 - Environment, Smoking, Obesity, and the Kidney Chapter 222 - Lead and Heavy Metals and the Kidney Chapter 223 - Statins and the Kidney Chapter 224 - Erythropoietin Therapy in Critically Ill and Acute Kidney Injury Patients Chapter 225 - Vasoactive Drugs, Renal Function, and Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 226 - End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury Chapter 227 - Hypothermia and the Kidney Chapter 228 - Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acute Kidney Injury