This comprehensive review of a complex area is as much about women as it is about schizophrenia, encompassing the biological, endocrinological, epidemiological, reproductive, psychological and social aspects of schizophrenia as experienced by women. Femaleness impacts significantly on the onset and nature of schizophrenia suffered by women: the female brain develops more rapidly than the male; estrogens produce antipsychotic effects; the female brain ages differently from the male, with a massive preponderance of female very-late-onset schizophrenia which may be related to a relative excess of dopamine D2 receptors. An international, multidisciplinary team of clinicians and mental health researchers review past and current literature, assess the sex-specific issues and evaluate their therapeutic, clinical and social implications for more appropriate and effective treatments of schizophrenia in women now and in the future. It is essential reading for all clinicians, practitioners and researchers involved with mental health and also with women's health.