Preface
1. What It Takes to Have Your Say
Writing as Exploration
Arguing
Arguing at a Distance
Exploring the Issues in this Book
Examples of Issues
Perspectives on Issues
Having YOUR Say
Learning to Have Your Say
Exercises
I. CRITICAL READING: EXPLORING A POINT OF VIEW
2. Spans: The Segments of an Argument
The Issue Span: Seeing the Issue
Variations in the Issue Span
Tip-Off Terms
Recognizing the Boundaries of the Issue Span
The Problem Span: Understanding the Problem
Explaining the Tension
Tip-Off Terms
Change in Scope: Separating the Issue and Problem Spans
The Solution Span: Finding and Evaluating Options
Tip-Off Terms
Solution Span in the Readings
Is There Any Solution?
Drawing Lines Between the Spans
Inferring the Author's Starting Point
Using Spans to Analyze, to Explore, and to Guide
Exercises
3. Stases: Taking Standpoints Along a Path
The Stasis Sequence in Different Spans
Dividing a Span into Stases
Existence Claims
The Point of an Existence Claim
Developing Existence Arguments
Clues for Spotting Existence Claims
Tip-Off Terms
Definition Claims
The Point of a Definition Claim
Developing Definition Arguments
Clues to Spotting Definition Claims
Tip-Off Terms
Distinguishing Between Definition and Existence Claims
Value Claims
The Point of a Value Claim
Developing Value Arguments
Positive and Negative Phrasing
Standards
Absolute and Relative Values
Clues to Spotting Value Claims
Tip-Off Terms
Distinguishing Between Value and Definition Claims
Cause Claims
The Point of a Cause Claim
Agents and Factors
Developing Cause Arguments
Clues to Spotting Cause Claims
Tip-Off Terms
Action Claims
The Point of an Action Claim
Clues to Spotting Action Claims
Tip-Off Terms
Choices of Agent and Action
The Size and Shape of a Stasis
Exercises
4. Supporting Claims: Appealing to Logos, Ethos and Pathos
Appeals to Logos
Observations, Testimony, and Statistics
Logic, Common Sense and Probability
Appeals to Ethos
Independent Experts
Eyewitnesses
Stakeholders
Personal Experience
The Author's Ethos
Appeals to Pathos
Naming Emotions
Invoking Sensations
Using Graphics
Supporting Claims at Each Stases
Signalling Degrees of Uncertainty
Clues for Spotting Uncertainty
The Point of Uncertainty: Making Progress
Breadth and Depth: Spans, Stases and Appeals
Appeals Charts for Castleman and Chivers
Exercises
5. Junctions: Crossing Alternative Paths
The Point of Disagreeing
The Main Path and Alternative Paths
Identifying Opponents
Naming People and Groups
Defining and Naming a Group
Cross Roads: The Opponent's Alternative Path
Merging Lanes: Concessions
Taking the Exit: Rebuttal
Signaling Disagreement
Signaling Agreement With Verbs Of Attribution
Challenging the Claim
Challenging the Support
Re-entering the Main Path: Restatement
Exercises
6. Style: Appealing Through Language
Identifying a Popular Opinion Style
Dealing with a Provocative Style
Provocative Insiders
Putting a Provocative Style in Perspective
Dealing with a Journalistic Style
Dealing with an Academic Style
A Combination of Styles in College Writing
Exercises
PART I READINGS
Environment
Chivers C. J. Scraping Bottom
Easterbrook, Gregg. They Stopped the Sky from Falling
Gomez-Pompa, Arturo, and Andrea Kaus. Taming the Wilderness Myth
Shiflett, Dave. Parks and Wreck - Against Jet Skiers, Snowmobilers, and Other Louts
Kristof, Nicholas. In Praise of Snowmobiles
Robinson, John. The Responsibility to Conserve Wild Species
Crime
Castleman, Michael. Opportunity Knocks
Kleck, Gary. There Are No Lessons to Be Learned from Littleton.
Meares, Tracey and Dan Kahan. When Rights are Wrong
Brooks, George. Let's Not Gang Up on Our Kids
Kollin, Joe. Why Don't We Name Juveniles?
Shapiro, Bruce. One Violent Crime
II. EXPLORING AN ISSUE
7. Finding Entry Points
From a Text to a Conversation
Authors and Arguments
Scholars
Stakeholders
Decision Makers
Pundits
Cases
Real World Cases
Problem Cases
Ideal Cases
Hypothetical cases
Personal Experience
Starting an Authentic Exploration
Exercises
8. Surveying the Terrain
Sources
Newspapers and Magazines
Trade and Professional Association Journals
Advocacy Journals and Sites
Government Publications and Websites
Scholarly Journals
Books
Television News and Weekly Popular News Magazines
Combining Sources: Where to Begin
Searching and Selecting Strategies
Using Indexes and Databases
Finding Authorship Data on Websites
Evaluating Sources
Relevance
Originality
Document Type
Timeliness
Ethos of Author or Sponsoring Group
Summing Up the Value of a Source
9. Exploring by Responding
Narrating a Case
Lay out the Details
Narrate the Frustration
Show instead of always Telling
Responding to an Author
Agreeing and Disagreeing
Using Rogerian Argument
Playing Devil's Advocate
Imitating
Arguing and Expressing
10. Exploring and Constructing a Problem
Two Strategies for Exploring the Problem
Stating a Problem
Stating Goals
Exploring Possible Causes
Working Backwards from a Solution
Analyzing Problem Cases
Collecting and Grouping Cases
Varying the Aspects with Hypothetical Cases
Exploring Significance
Narrating a Case
11. Exploring and Constructing Solutions
Facing the Unknown
Generating Solutions from Problem Statements
Changing the Terrain
Changing Goals or Values
Changing Expectations and Observations
Generating Solutions from Cases
Finding Previously Tried Solutions
Importing a Solution through Analogy
Testing Solutions with Cases
Predicting Effects on Problem Cases
Evaluating Costs and Benefits
12. Mapping a Conversation
Relating Your Position to Others'
Synthesis Defined
Selecting a Relevant Set of Authors
What are Synthesis Trees?
Sample Student Trees
Identifying Common Approaches
Grouping Authors
Branching out Groups and Subgroups
Drawing Fair Inferences
Asking Argument-Based Questions
Problem Trees and Solution Trees
Trees Based on Stasis
Testing the Tree
Role-Playing
Testing with Problem Cases
Looking for Coherence and Balance
Exercises
III. HAVING YOUR SAY
13. Having Your Say on an Author's Argument
Planning Purpose and Audience
Planning Your Line of Argument
Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement
Criteria for a Good Problem-Based Argument
Peer Review Questions
Sample Papers
14. Having Your Say by Responding to an Author
Planning Purpose and Audience
Planning Your Line of Argument
Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement
Criteria for a Good Problem-Based Argument
Peer Review Questions
Sample Papers
15. Having Your Say on the State of the Debate
State of the Debate Papers versus Response Papers
Sample State of the Debate Papers
Planning Purpose and Audience
Planning Your Line of Argument
Choosing a Paradigm Case
Approaches
Describing Positions Within an Approach
Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement
Adopting an Analytic Style
Criteria for a Good State of the Debate Paper
Peer Review Questions
16. Having Your Say on the Problem
Planning Purpose and Audience
Planning Your Line of Argument
Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement
Criteria for a Good Problem-Based Argument
Peer Review Questions
Sample Papers
17. Having Your Say on the Solution
Planning Purpose and Audience
Planning Your Line of Argument
Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement
Criteria for a Good Solution-Based Argument
Peer Review Questions
Sample Student Papers
IV. READING AND WRITING RESOURCES
18. Critical Reading Process
Preparing to Read
Reading for the First Time
Reading to Deepen Your Understanding
Reading to Map Out the Argument
Following Through After Reading
Exercises
19. A Repertoire of Writing Processes
Writing Process Components
Individual Process Styles
Planning
Types of Plans
Planning an Arrangement
Returning to Planning for Midcourse Corrections
Drafting
Strategies for Generating Plans and Passages
Freewriting
Talking It Out
Using Keyword Templates
Evaluating
Detecting
Diagnosing
Revising
Revising for Organization
Editing
When is the Best Time to Revise and Edit
Getting Stuck and Unstuck
20. Rhetorical Planning
Having Something New to Say
Relating to an Audience
Adopting a Role
Insiders and Outsiders
Allies and Opponents
Addressing Readers
Allocating Space
Establishing Common Ground
Assuming Some Consensus: Getting a Head Start
Encouraging Insiders to Reconsider
Making Concessions: Going the Extra Mile
Responding with Civility
21. Collaborative Evaluation and Revision
Why Revise Collaboratively?
Taking on a Helpful Role
Giving Helpful Feedback
Detect
Reflect
Diagnose
Suggest
Comments to Avoid
Using Feedback during Revision
Giving Feedback to Reviewers
22. Documentation Conventions
Two Parts of Documentation: In-Text Citations and Lists of Sources
In-Text Citations
Direct Reference Citations
Indirect Parenthetical Citations
Citations to Sources with Unknown Authors
Lists of Sources
Books
Periodicals
Personal Communications
Glossary of Keywords
Bibliographies for Crime and Environment
Index