PART 3: EUROPE IN TRANSITION
CHAPTER 9 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300-1453)
The Black Death
Preconditions and Causes of the Plague
Popular Remedies
Social and Economic Consequences
New Conflicts and Opportunities
The Hundred Years' War and the Rise of National Sentiment
The Causes of the War
Progress of the War
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
The Thirteenth-Century Papacy
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair
The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)
John Wycliffe and John Huss
The Great Schism (1378-1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449
Medieval Russia
Politics and Society
Mongol Rule (1243-1480)
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Encampment of the Imperial Army
Compare & Connect: Who Runs the World: Priests or Princes?
Encountering the Past: Dealing with Death
CHAPTER 10 Renaissance and Discovery
The Renaissance in Italy (1375-1527)
The Italian City-State
Humanism
Renaissance Art
Slavery in the Renaissance
Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494-1527)
Charles VIII's March through Italy
Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family
Pope Julius II
Niccolo Machiavelli
Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
France
Spain
England
The Holy Roman Empire
The Northern Renaissance
The Printing Press
Erasmus
Humanism and Reform
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
The Portuguese Chart the Course
The Spanish Voyages of Columbus
The Spanish Empire in the New World
The Church in Spanish America
The Economy of Exploitation
The Impact on Europe
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Leonardo Plots the Perfect Man
Compare & Connect: Is the Renaissance Man a Myth?
Encountering the Past: The Renaissance Garden
CHAPTER 11 The Age of Reformation
Society and Religion
Social and Political Conflict
Popular Religious Movements and Criticisms of the Church
Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525
Justification by Faith Alone
The Attack on Indulgences
Election of Charles V
Luther's Excommunication and the Diet of Worms
Imperial Distractions: France and the Turks
How the Reformation Spread
The Peasants' Revolt
The Reformation Elsewhere
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
The Diet of Augsburg
The Expansion _of the Reformation
Reaction against Protestants
The Peace of Augsburg
The English Reformation to 1553
The Preconditions of Reform
The King's Affair
The Reform Parliament
Wives of Henry VIII
The King's Religious Conservatism
The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
Sources of Catholic Reform
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits
The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe
The Revolution in Religion: Practices and Institutions
The Reformation and Education
The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women
Family Life in Early Modern Europe
Later Marriages
Arranged Marriages
Family Size
Birth Control
Wet Nursing
Loving Families?
Literary Imagination in Transition
Miguel De Cervantes Saaavedra: Rejection of Idealism
William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age
In Perspective
A Closer Look: A Saint at Peace in the Grasp of Temptation
Compare & Connect: A Raw Deal for the Common Man, or His Just Desserts?
Encountering the Past: Table Manners
CHAPTER 12 The Age of Religious Wars
Renewed Religious Struggle
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Appeal of Calvinism
Catherine de Medicis and the Guises
The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre
The Edict of Nantes
Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556-1598)
Pillars of Spanish Power
The Revolt in the Netherlands
Englandand Spain (1553-1603)
Mary I (r. 1553-1558)
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
Preconditions for War
Four Periods of War
The Treaty of Westphalia
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Baroque and Plain Church: Architectural Reflections of Belief
Compare & Connect: A Great Debate over Religious Tolerance
Encountering the Past: Going to the Theater
CHAPTER 13 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline
Urban Prosperity
Economic Decline
Two Models of European Political Development
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
James I
Charles I
The Long Parliament and Civil War
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic
Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy
The Glorious Revolution
The Age of Walpole
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
Years of Personal Rule
Versailles
King by Divine Right
Louis's Early Wars
Louis's Repressive Religious Policies
Louis's Later Wars
Franceafter Louis XIV
Central and Eastern Europe
Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority
The Habsburg Empire _and the Pragmatic Sanction
Prussiaand the Hohenzollerns
RussiaEnters the European Political Arena
The Romanor Dynasty
Peter the Great
The Ottoman Empire
Religious Toleration and Ottoman Government
The End of Ottoman Expansion
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Versailles
Compare & Connect: The Debate over the Origin and Character of Political Authority
Encountering the Past: Early Controversy over Tobacco and Smoking
CHAPTER 14 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
The Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Discoveries
Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws
Isaac Newton Discovers _the Laws of Gravitation
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Nature as Mechanism
Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method
Rene Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction
Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government
John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
The New Science and Religious Faith
The Case of Galileo
Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith
The English Approach to Science and Religion
Continuing Superstition
Witch-Hunts and Panic
Who Were the Witches?
End of the Witch-Hunts
Baroque Art
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Sciences and the Arts
Compare & Connect: Descartes and Swift Debate the Scientific Enterprise
Encountering the Past: Midwives
CHAPTER 15 Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
Major Features of Life in the Old Regime
Maintenance of Tradition
Hierarchy and Privilege
The Aristocracy
Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege
Aristocratic Resurgence
The Land and Its Tillers
Peasants and Serfs
Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside: the English Game Laws
Family Structures and the Family Economy
Households
The Family Economy
Women and the Family Economy
Children and the World of the Family Economy
The Revolution in Agriculture
New Crops and New Methods
Expansion of the Population
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
A Revolution in Consumption
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain
New Methods of Textile Production
The Steam Engine
Iron Production
The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working Women
The Growth of Cities
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization
Urban Classes
The Urban Riot
The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
In Perspective
A Closer Look: An Aristocratic Couple
Compare & Connect: Two Eighteenth-Century Writers Contemplate the Effects of Differ-ent Economic Structures
Encountering the Past: Water, Washing, and Bathing
CHAPTER 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
Periods of European Overseas Empires
Mercantile Empires
Mercantilist Goals
French-British Rivalry
The Spanish Colonial System
Colonial Government
Trade Regulation
Colonial Reform under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs
Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
The African Presence in the Americas
Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy
The Experience of Slavery
Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
The War of Jenkins's Ear
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
The American Revolution and Europe
Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue
The Crisis and Independence
American Political Ideas
Events in Great Britain
Broader Impact of the American Revolution
In Perspective
A Closer Look: A Sugar Plantation in the West Indies
Compare & Connect: The Atlantic Passage
Encountering the Past: Sugar Enters the Western Diet
THE WEST AND THE WORLD: THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE, DISEASE, ANIMALS, AND AGRICULTURE
PART 4: ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 17 The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
Ideas of Newton and Locke
The Example of British Toleration and Political Stability
The Emergence of a Print Culture
The Philosophes
Voltaire-First among the Philosophes
The Enlightenment and Religion
Deism
Toleration
Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity
Jewish Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment
Islam in Enlightenment Thought
The Enlightenment and Society
The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic Improvement
Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law
The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom
Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress
Political Thought of the Philosophes
Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws
Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society
Enlightened Critics of European Empires
Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
Enlightened Absolutism
Frederickthe Great of Prussia
Joseph II of Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia
The Partition of Poland
The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe
In Perspective
A Closer Look: An Eighteenth-Century Artist Appeals to the Ancient World
Compare & Connect: Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria Debate Toleration
Encountering the Past: Coffeehouses and Enlightenment
CHAPTER 18 The French Revolution
The Crisis of the French Monarchy
The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes
Calonne's Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables
Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General
The Revolution of 1789
The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly
Fall of the Bastille
The Great Fear and the Night of August 4
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The Parisian Women's March on Versailles
The Reconstruction of France
Political Reorganization
Economic Policy
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Counterrevolutionary Activity
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution
Emergence of the Jacobins
The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes
Europeat War with the Revolution
Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution
Suppression of Reform in Britain
The Second and Third Partitions of Poland, 1793, 1795
The Reign of Terror
War with Europe
The Republic Defended
The Republic of Virtue and Robespierre's Justification of Terror
Repression of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
De-Christianization
Revolutionary Tribunals
The End of the Terror
The Thermidorian Reaction
Establishment of the Directory
Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life
In Perspective
A Closer Look: Challenging the French Political Order
Compare & Connect: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Opens the Door for Disadvantaged Groups to Demands Equal Civic Rights
Encountering The Past: The Metric System
CHAPTER 19 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Early Military Victories
The Constitution of the Year VIII
The Consulate in France (1799-1804)
Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition
Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church
The Napoleonic Code
Establishing a Dynasty
Napoleon's Empire (1804-1814)
Conquering an Empire
The Continental System
European Response to the Empire
German Nationalism and Prussian Reform
The Wars of Liberation
The Invasion of Russia
European Coalition
The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement
Territorial Adjustments
The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance
The Romantic Movement
Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason
Rousseau and Education
Kant and Reason
Romantic Literature
The English Romantic Writers
The German Romantic Writers
Romantic Art
The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism
Nature and the Sublime
Religion in the Romantic Period
Methodism
New Directions in Continental Religion
Romantic Views of Nationalism and History
Herder and Culture
Hegel and History
Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism
In Perspective
A Closer Look: The Coronation of Napoleon
Compare & Connect: The Experience of War in the Napoleonic Age
Encountering the Past: Sailors and Canned Food
