All chapters end with Conclusion, Summary, Key Terms, Questions for Review and Discussion, Thinking Geographically, Suggestions for Further Learning, and Web Work. (These sections precede Focus On, Critical Thinking, and/or Regional Focus On in each chapter.)
List of Maps Preface About the Authors 1Introduction to Geography What is Geography? The Development of Geography.
Contemporary Approaches in Geography: Area Analysis. Spatial Analysis. Physical and Human Systems. Human-Environmental Interaction.
Describing Earth: The Geographic Grid. Communicating Geographic Information: Maps. Geographic Information Technology. GIS: A Type of Database Software.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus On: National Standards for the Study of Geography. Cartograms. The Internet.
Critical Thinking: Tombouctou. Grouping Countries; Naming Groups. Parks, Gardens, and Preserves.
Regional Focus On: Utica, New York.
2Weather and Climate Energy and Weather: Incoming Solar Radiation. Storage of Heat in Land and Water. Heat Transfer Between the Atmosphere and Earth. Heat Exchange and Atmospheric Circulation.
Precipitation: Condensation. Causes of Precipitation.
Circulation Patterns: Pressure and Winds. Global Atmospheric Circulation. Seasonal Variations in Global Circulation. Ocean Circulation Patterns. Storms: Regional-Scale Circulation Patterns. The Weather on August 25, 1998.
Climate: Air Temperature. Precipitation.
Classifying Climate. Earth's Climate Regions: Humid Low-Latitude Tropical Climates (A). Dry Climates (BW and BS). Warm Midlatitude Climates (C). Cold Midlatitude Climates (D). Polar Climates (E).
Climate Change: Climatic Change over Geologic Time. Possible Causes of Climatic Variation. Global Warming.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus On: El Nino/La Nina. Tornadoes.
Critical Thinking: Climates in Urban Areas.
3Landforms Plate Tectonics: Earth's Moving Crust. Types of Boundaries Between Plates. Rock Formation.
Slopes and Streams: Weathering. Moving Weathered Material.
Ice, Wind, and Waves: Glaciers. Impact of Past Glaciations. Effects of Wind on Landforms. Coastal Erosion.
The Dynamic Earth: Rates of Landform Change. Environmental Hazards.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Critical Thinking: Wealth and Natural Hazards.
Regional Focus On: Management of the Lower Mississippi River.
4Biogeochemical Cycles and the Biosphere The Biogeochemical Cycles: The Hydrologic Cycle. Water Budgets. Vegetation and the Hydrologic Cycle.
Carbon, Oxygen, and Nutrient Flows in the Biosphere: The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles. Deforestation.
Soils: Soil Formation. Soil Horizons. Thousands of Soils. Climate, Vegetation, Soil, and the Landscape. Soil Problems. Soil Fertility: Natural and Synthetic.
Ecosystems: Ecosystem Processes. Biodiversity.
Biomes: Global Patterns in the Biosphere: Forest Biomes. Savanna, Scrubland, and Open Woodland Biomes. Midlatitude Grassland Biome. Desert Biome. Tundra Biome. Natural and Human Effects on the Biosphere.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus On: Potential and Actual Evapotranspiration. Geography, Geographic Information Systems, and the Global Carbon Budget.
Critical Thinking: Human-Dominated Systems. Fire and Chaparral in California.
5Population, Population Increase, and Migration The Distribution and Density of Human Settlement: Population Density.
World Population Growth: Population Projections. Rates of Population Increase Vary. Population Pyramids. The Demographic Transition. Is the Demographic Transition Model Still Relevant Today? Changes in World Death Rates. Is Earth Overpopulated?
Other Significant Demographic Patterns: Sex Ratios in National Populations. The Aging Human Population.
Migration: Prehistoric Human Migrations. The Migrations of Peoples since 1500.
Migration Today: Refugees. The Impact of International Migration. Migration to Europe. Migrations of Asians. Migration to the United States and Canada.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus On: National Censuses. U.S. Census Bureau Categories.
Critical Thinking: How Will You Retire? The East-West Exchange of Disease. Is Immigration a Substitute for Education?
6Cultural Geography Cultural Evolution Contrasts with Cultural Diffusion: Theories of Cultural Evolution. Cultures and Environments. Cultural Diffusion.
Identity and Behavioral Geography: Grouping Humans by Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and Identity. Behavioral Geography.
Culture Realms: Problems in Defining Great Culture Regions. Visual Clues to Culture Realms. Forces that Stabilize the Pattern of Culture Realms. Trade and Cultural Diffusion. World Trade and Cultural Diffusion Today. The Acceleration of Diffusion. The Challenge of Change.
The Global Diffusion of European Culture: Europe's Voyages of Contact. Economic Growth Increased Europe's Power. Cultural Imperialism. Westernization Today. America's Role.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus On: The Diffusion of Anglo-American Religious Folk Songs. Regionalism in the United States. The Development of The Global Child.
Critical Thinking: Is Latin America a Region? How Did It Get Its Name? Can Cultures be Preserved? The Diffusion of News.
Regional Focus On: Lahic.
7The Geography of Languages and Religions Defining Languages and Language Regions: Linguisitic Geography. The World's Major Languages.
The Development and Diffusion of Languages: The Indo-European Language Family. Other Language Families. The Geography of Writing. Toponymy: Language on the Landscape.
Linguisitic Differentiation in the Modern World: National Languages
The Teachings, Origin, and Diffusion of the World's Major Religions: Judaism. Christianity. Islam. Hinduism and Sikhism. Buddhism. Other Eastern Religions. Animism and Shamanism.
The Political and Social Impact of the Geography of Religion: Religion and Politics. Indirect Religious Influences on Government. Religion and Women's Rights. Religion and Dietary Habits. Religion and Economics. Religions and the Environment.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Critical Thinking: Competitive Expansion and Shrinkage. Liberation Theology.
Focus On: Fundamentalism and Terrorism. Israel and U.S. Foreign Policy. Holidays. Are We Seeing an Islamic Reformation? Turmoil in Pakistan.
Regional Focus On: Language in the New State of East Timor. Religious Tensions on the Indian Subcontinent.
8The Human Food Supply Food Supplies over the Past 200 Years: New Crops and Cropland. Transportation and Storage. The Green Revolution. Other Technological Advances.
Agriculture Today: Subsistence Farming Contrasts with Commercial Farming. Types of Agriculture. What Determines Agricultural Productivity?
Livestock Around the World: The Direct and Indirect Consumption of Grain. Problems Associated with Animal Production. Dairy Farming and the Principle of Value Added.
Food Supplies in the Future: New Crops Offer New Potential. The Scientific Revolution in Agriculture Continues. Resistance to Biotechnology. Global Warming
The World Distribution of Food Supplies and Production: Problems in Increasing Food Production. The Rich Countries Subsidize Production and Export of Food.
The Harvest of Fish: Traditional Fishing. Modern Fishing.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus On: How Farmers Decide the Ways in Which to Use Their Land: Von Thnen's Isolated City Model. Good-Bye to the Banana? The U.S. Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996.
Critical Thinking: Continuing Crop Redistribution.
9Earth's Resources and Environmental Protection What is a Natural Resource: Characteristics of Resources. Substitutability. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources.
Mineral and Energy Resources: Mineral Resources. Variations in Mineral Use. Depletion and Substitution. Disposal and Recycling of Solid Waste. Energy Resources. Energy from Fossil Fuels. Nuclear and Renewable Energy Reserves.
Air and Water Resources: Air Pollution. Water Pollution. Reducing Air and Water Pollution.
Forests: Forests as Fiber Resources. Other Important Forest Uses. Balancing Competing Interests.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus on: Meat Production and Water Pollution.
Critical Thinking: Should We Conserve Energy Resources?
10Cities and Urbanization Urban Functions: The Three Sectors of an Economy. The Economic Bases of Cities.
The Locations of Cities: Central Place Theory. Urban Hierarchies. The Patterns of Urban Hierarchies.
World Urbanization: Early Urban Societies. Urbanization Today. Government Policies to Reduce the Pull of Urban Life. Improving Rural Life. The Economic Vitality of Cities.
The Internal Geography of Cities: Models of Urban Form. The Western Tradition of Urban and Regional Planning. Other Urban Models in Diverse Cultures.
Cities and Suburbs in the United States: The Growth of Suburbs. The Social Costs of Suburbs. Suburbs at Century's End. Developments in the Central City. Efforts to Redistribute Jobs and Housing. Governing Metropolitan Regions.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Critical Thinking: The Question of Public Places on Private Property.
Regional Focus On: Metropolitan Portland, Oregon.
11A World of States The Development of the Nation-State Idea: The Idea of the Nation. The Nation-State. The European Nation-States. The Formation of States Outside Europe.
Efforts to Achieve a World Map of Nation-States: (1) Redrawing the World Political Map. (2) Mass Expulsions or Genocide. (3) Forging National Identities. Democracies and False Democracies.
How States Demarcate and Organize Territory: The Shapes of States. International Borders. U.S. Border Security and Internal Security. Territorial Subdivision and Systems of Representation. How to Design Representative Districts.
Measuring and Mapping Individual Rights: Sexism. The World Geography of Education. The World Geography of Freedom.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus On: Geopolitics.
Critical Thinking: Can a Country Insulate Its Borders and Isolate Its People? Nonterritorial Systems of Representation. Garza v. County of Los Angeles.
Regional Focus On: Civil War in Sri Lanka.
12National Paths to Economic Growth Analyzing and Comparing Countries' Economies: Measures of Gross Product and Their Limitations. Gross Product and the Environment. The Gross National Product and the Quality of Life. Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Societies. Why Some Countries Are Rich and Some Countries Are Poor.
The Geography of Manufacturing: Locational Determinants for Manufacturing Today. Locational Determinants Migrate. Manufacturing in the United States. The Economy of Japan. Technology and the Future Geography of Manufacturing.
National Economic-Geographic Policies: Political Economy. Variations in Wealth Within States. How Do Governments Distribute Economic Activities? National Transportation Infrastructures.
National Trade Policies: The Import-Substitution Method of Growth. Export-Led Economic Growth. Where is the Third World?
The Formation of the Global Economy: Transnational Investment and Production. The International Tertiary Sector. The Geography of Foreign Direct Investment. The Globalization of Finance. Tourism. International Regulation of the Global Economy.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future: Focus On Competing for a General Motors Plant. The Transformation of a National Economy. Regional Focus On: The Norwegian Solution. South Korea.
13Political Regionalization and Globalization The Collapse of Empires: British Empire to Commonwealth. The French Empire. The Successor States of the Ottoman Empire. The Russion Empire, Revolution, and Reorganization. The Empire of the United States.
New Unions of States: The European Union: Nations Knitting a Region Together. The Formation of a North American Trade Bloc. Expanding Western Hemisphere Free Trade. Other Regional International Groups.
Global Government: The United Nations. Nongovernmental Organizations and Terrorist Organizations. Is National Sovereignty Inviolable? The Axis of Evil. Human Rights. Jurisdiction over Earth's Open Spaces.
Protecting the Global Environment: Development, Pollution, and the Quality of Life. International Equity in Environmental Management.
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future. Focus On: What is Canadian Music? Food Safety and International Food Trade. Is the United States the World's Policeman? Regulation of Whaling. Malaria and DDT.
Critical Thinking: Geographical Indicators. Intellectual Property and Globalization in the Drug Industry.
Regional Focus on: Afghanistan, the Taliban, and Al Qaeda.
Appendix I Map Scale and Projections Map Scale. Map Projections. Scale and Projections in Modern Geography. Appendix IIThe Kppen Climate Classification System Appendix IIIThe World Today: Population, Economy, Environment Glossary Index 