CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS MOTIVATION ; Historical Considerations ; Summary ; CHAPTER 2 - HOW DO WE STUDY MOTIVATION? ; Definitions: How Do You Define Motivation? ; The Relationship Between Motivation and Other Variables ; Summary ; CHAPTER 3 - AROUSAL: THE ENERGIZING AND INTENSITY ASPECT OF MOTIVATION ; The Construct of Arousal ; Arousal Has Many Aspects ; Arousal - Performance Relationships ; Summary ; CHAPTER 4 - BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP ; Relationships to Biological Rhythms to Motivation ; Biological Rhythms ; Control of Biological Rhythms ; Advantages of Biological Timekeeping ; Effects of Disrupting Biological Rhythms ; Sleep ; Effects of Aging on Biological Rhythms and Sleep ; Summary ; CHAPTER 5 - TIME OF DAY, ALERTNESS, AND PERFORMANCE ; Variables of Importance in Addition to Time of Day ; Are There Several Rhythms? ; Performance Varies with Alertness and Time of Day ; Time of Day Affects Shift Work and Mood ; Personality Characteristics and Morningness Versus Eveningness ; Summary ; CHAPTER 6 - EMOTION AND MOOD: I. PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT ; How Are Motivation and Emotion Different? ; Definitions and Classifications of Emotion ; Emotion and Every-Day-Life ; Emotion, Mood, and Affect ; Emotion and Opponent Processes ; Summary ; CHAPTER 7 - EMOTION AND MOOD: II. COGNITION AND INFORMATION PROCESSING ; Complexity of Emotion and Cognition ; Emotion and Mood Have A Reciprocal Relationship With Cognition ; Emotion and Information Processing ; Approach and Withdrawal ; Summary ; CHAPTER 8 - HUNGER AND THIRST: BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL PROCESSES ; Biological Processes and the Regulation of Energy in Hunger ; Biological Processes in Thirst and Fluid Level Regulation ; The Role of Culture and Learning in Hunger and Eating ; Effects of Hunger, Thirst, and Glucose on Responding and Information Processing ; Summary ; CHAPTER 9 - REWARDS, INCENTIVES, AND GOALS: ADDICTIVE PROCESSES, EXTRINSIC INCENTIVES, AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ; General Theoretical Issues ; Brain Stimulation, Reward Systems, and Drug Abuse ; Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Incentives, and Achievement Motivation ; Summary ; CHAPTER 10 - GOALS AND SUCCESS-FAILURE BELIEFS ; Goals, Level of Aspiration, and Level of Expectation ; Individual Differences in Goal Setting ; Beliefs Regarding Success (Versus Failure) and Reinforcement ; Goals and Performance Attainment ; Summary ; CHAPTER 11 - AGGRESSION AND ANGER: ATTRIBUTION MASTERY POWER, COMPETITION ; Attribution and Achievement ; Anger ; Hostility, Anger, and Type A Personality ; Summary ; CHAPTER 12 - AGGRESSION, POWER, AND MASTERY ; What is Meant By Aggression? ; Aggression in Animals ; Brain Areas and Hormones ; Self-Interest vs. Collective Interest: Competition and Human Aggression ; Human Aggression: Power, Arousal, and Learning ; Machiavellianism, Mastery, and Assertiveness ; Summary ; CHAPTER 13 - FEAR AND ANXIETY ; General Considerations ; Early Experimental Work ; Contemporary Research in Fear Learning ; Anxiety, Individual Differences, Cognition, and Coping ; Summary ; CHAPTER 14 - SEX, GENDER, AND LOVE ; Hormonal Effects, Sexual Dimorphism, and Sexual Motivation ; Gender ; Love ; Summary
