Contents.
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
About the Author.
I. CRIME IN AMERICA.
1. What Is Criminal Justice?
Introduction
A Brief History of Crime in America
CJ News First Enron Executive Goes to Prison
The Theme of This Book
Social Justice
American Criminal Justice: System and Functions
The Consensus Model
The Conflict Model
American Criminal Justice: The Process
Investigation and Arrest
Pretrial Activities
Adjudication
Sentencing
Corrections
Due Process and Individual Rights
The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights
The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process
Freedom or Safety? You Decide.
The Role of Research in Criminal Justice
CJ Careers U.S. Federal Government 2004 General
Schedule (GS) Pay
Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
2. The Crime Picture.
Introduction
Crime Data and Social Policy
The Collection of Crime Data
The Uniform Crime Reports
Development of the UCR Program
Historical Trends
UCR Terminology
Part I Offenses
CJ News Bank Robbers Loving NYC
Multiculturalism and Diversity Race and the
Criminal Justice System
CJ Exhibit 2—1 Identity Theft: A New Kind of Larceny
Part II Offenses
NIBRS: The New UCR
The National Crime Victimization Survey
Comparisons of the UCR and the NCVS
Problems with the UCR and the NCVS
Special Categories of Crime
Crime against Women
Multiculturalism and Diversity Gender Issues
in Criminal Justice
CJ Exhibit 2—2 Offline versus Online Stalking: A Comparison
Crime against the Elderly
Hate Crime
Corporate and White-Collar Crime
Organized Crime
Gun Crime
Drug Crime
CJ Exhibit 2—3 Gun Control
CJ Careers Drug Enforcement Administration
High-Technology and Computer Crime
Terrorism
CJ Exhibit 2—4 What Is Terrorist Activity?
Freedom or Safety? You Decide.
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
3. Criminal Law.
Introduction
The Nature and Purpose of Law
The Rule of Law
Types of Law
Criminal Law
Civil Law
Administrative Law
Case Law
Freedom or Safety? You Decide.
Procedural Law
General Categories of Crime
Felonies
Misdemeanors
Offenses
Treason and Espionage
Inchoate Offenses
General Features of Crime
The Criminal Act (Actus Reus)
A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea)
Concurrence
Other Features of Crime
Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense
The Example of Murder
The Corpus Delicti of a Crime
Multiculturalism and Diversity Islamic Law
Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge
Alibi
Justifications
Self-Defense
Defense of Others
Excuses
CJ Careers U.S. Secret Service–Uniformed Division
CJ News Texas Woman Who Killed Kids Acquitted
Procedural Defenses
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
II. POLICING.
4. Policing: Purpose and Organization.
Introduction
The Police Mission
Enforcing the Law
Apprehending Offenders
Preventing Crime
Preserving the Peace
Providing Services
American Policing: From the Federal
to the Local Level
Federal Agencies
CJ Careers Federal Bureau of Investigation
State-Level Agencies
Local Agencies
CJ News Sheriff’s Hunt for Serial Killer Was a Mission ,
Not Just a Job
Police Administration
Policing Styles
Freedom or Safety? You Decide.
Police-Community Relations
Scientific Police Management
Discretion and the Individual Officer
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
5. Policing: Legal Aspects.
Introduction
The Abuse of police power
A Changing Legal Climate
Individual Rights
Due Process Requirements
Search and Seizure
The Exclusionary Rule
Freedom or Safety? You Decide.
The Warren Court (1953—1969)
The Burger (1969—1986) and Rehnquist
(1986—Present) Courts
CJ Exhibit 5—1 Plain-View Requirements
Arrest
CJ News Court Permits Speedy Drug Raid
Searches Incident to Arrest
Emergency Searches of Persons
CJ Careers Bureau of Immigration and Customs
Enforcement
Vehicle Searches
Suspicionless Searches
High-Technology Searches
The Intelligence Function
Informants
Police Interrogation
The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation
Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision
CJ Exhibit 5—2 The Miranda Warnings
CJ Exhibit 5—3 Miranda Update
Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence
Electronic Eavesdropping
CJ Exhibit 5—4 The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
6. Policing: Issues and Challenges.
Introduction
Police Personality and Culture
Multiculturalism and Diversity Policing
a Multicultural Society
Corruption and Integrity
Money–The Root of Police Evil?
Building Police Integrity
Drug Testing of Police Employees
The Dangers of Police Work
Violence in the Line of Duty
Risk of Disease and Infected Evidence
Stress and Fatigue among Police Officers
Terrorism’s Impact on American Policing
Police Civil Liability
Common Sources of Civil Suits
Federal Lawsuits
Racial Profiling and Biased Policing
Racially Biased Policing
Police Use of Force
Deadly Force
Freedom or Safety? You Decide.
Less-Lethal Weapons
CJ Careers Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms,
and Explosives
CJ News As Shocks Replace Bullets, Deaths Fall
Professionalism and Ethics
CJ Exhibit 6—1 The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
Education and Training
Multiculturalism and Diversity Investigating
Crime in a Multicultural Setting
Recruitment and Selection
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing
Women as Effective Police Officers
Increasing the Number of Minorities and Women in Police Work
Private Protective Services
Integrating Public and Private Security
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
III. ADJUDICATION.
7. The Courts.
Introduction
History and Structure of the American Court System
The State Court System
The Development of State Courts
State Court Systems Today
The Federal Court System
U.S. District Courts
U.S. Courts of Appeals
The U.S. Supreme Court
Multiculturalism and Diversity The International
Criminal Court
Pretrial Activities
The First Appearance
CJ Exhibit 7—1 Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions
The Grand Jury
The Preliminary Hearing
Arraignment and the Plea
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
8. The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial.
Introduction
The Courtroom Work Group: Professional
Courtroom Actors
The Judge
The Prosecuting Attorney
The Defense Counsel
CJ News How Good a Defense Should a Suspect Get?
CJ Exhibit 8—1 Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense
CJ Exhibit 8—2 American Bar Association Code of
Professional Responsibility
The Bailiff
CJ Careers U.S. Marshals Service
Local Court Administrators
The Court Reporter
The Clerk of Court
The Expert Witness
Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants
Lay Witnesses
Jurors
The Victim
The Defendant
The Press
The Criminal Trial
Nature and Purpose of the Criminal Trial
Stages in a Criminal Trial
Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act
Jury Selection
CJ Exhibit 8—3 Peremptory Challenges and Race
Opening Statements
CJ Exhibit 8—4 Pretrial and Posttrial Motions
The Presentation of Evidence
Closing Arguments
The Judge’s Charge to the Jury
Jury Deliberations and the Verdict
Multiculturalism and Diversity The Bilingual Courtroom
Improving the Adjudication Process
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
9. Sentencing.
Introduction
The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing
Retribution
Incapacitation
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Restoration
Indeterminate Sentencing
Critiques of Indeterminate Sentencing
Structured Sentencing
Critiques of Structured Sentencing
CJ Exhibit 9—1 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances
Mandatory Sentencing
CJ Exhibit 9—2 Three Strikes and You’re Out:
A Brief History of the “Get Tough on Crime” Movement
Truth in Sentencing
Federal Sentencing Guidelines
Federal Guideline Provisions
Plea Bargaining under the Guidelines
CJ News: Sentencing Decision’s Reach Is Far and Wide:
The Impact of Blakely v. Washington
Innovations in Sentencing
Questions about Alternative Sanctions
The Presentence Investigation
The Victim–Forgotten No Longer
CJ Exhibit 9—3 President Bush Calls for Victims’
Rights Amendment
Victim-Impact Statements
Modern Sentencing Options
Fines
Death: The Ultimate Sanction
Habeas Corpus Review
Opposition to Capital Punishment
Justifications for Capital Punishment
CJ News Massachusetts Governor Names Panel
to Draft New Death Penalty Bill
The Courts and the Death Penalty
The Future of the Death Penalty
Freedom or Safety? You Decide.
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
IV. CORRECTIONS.
10. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections.
Introduction
What Is Probation?
The Extent of Probation
Probation Conditions
What Is Parole?
The Extent of Parole
Parole Conditions
Federal Parole
Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses
Advantages of Probation and Parole
Disadvantages of Probation and Parole
CJ News Florida Eyes Tougher Probation Laws
The Legal Environment
The Federal Probation System
The Job of Probation and Parole Officers
CJ Careers U.S. Probation Officer
The Challenges of the Job
Intermediate Sanctions
Split Sentencing
Shock Probation and Shock Parole
Shock Incarceration
Mixed Sentencing and Community Service
Intensive Supervision
Home Confinement and Remote Location Monitoring
The Future of Probation and Parole
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
11. Prisons and Jails.
Introduction
Prisons
The Philosophy of Imprisonment
Overcrowding
Security Levels
The Federal Prison System
Recent Improvements
Jails
CJ Careers Federal Bureau of Prisons
Women and Jail
The Growth of Jails
Direct-Supervision Jails
Jails and the Future
CJ Exhibit 11—1 American Jail Association Code
of Ethics for Jail Officers
Private Prisons
CJ Exhibit 11—2 Arguments for and Against
the Privatization of Prisons
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
12. Prison Life.
Introduction
Research on Prison Life: Total Institutions
The Male Inmate’s World
CJ Exhibit 12—1 Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement
The Evolution of Prison Subcultures
The Functions of Prison Subcultures
Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types
Homosexuality in Prison
The Female Inmate’s World
CJ News Child Sleepovers at Prison Reviewed
Social Structure in Women’s Prisons
Types of Female Inmates
Violence in Women’s Prisons
The Staff World
Freedom or Safety? You Decide.
CJ Exhibit 12—2 American Correctional Association
Code of Ethics
The Professionalization of Correctional Officers
Prison Riots
Causes of Riots
Stages in Riots and Riot Control
Prisoners’ Rights
The Legal Basis of Prisoners’ Rights
Precedents in Prisoners’ Rights
CJ Exhibit 12—3 Federal Oversight of the Texas
Prison System: A Timeline
A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?
CJ Careers U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Issues Facing Prisons Today
AIDS
Geriatric Offenders
Mentally Ill Inmates
Terrorism
Summary
Discussion Questions
Web Quest
Appendix A. Bill of Rights A-1.
Appendix B. List of Acronyms A-3.
Notes.
Index.
