1. Introduction: The Nature of Leadership
Definitions of Leadership
Indicators of Leadership Effectiveness
Overview of Major Research Approaches
Level of Conceptualization for Leadership Theories
Other Bases for Comparing Leadership Theories
Organization of the Book
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
2. The Nature of Managerial Work
Typical Activity Patterns in Managerial Work
The Content of Managerial Work
Demands, Constraints, and Choices
Research on Situational Determinants
Changes in the Nature of Managerial Work
How Much Discretion Do Managers Have?
Limitations of the Descriptive Research
Applications for Managers
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Acme Manufacturing Company
3. Perspectives on Effective Leadership Behavior
Ohio State Leadership Studies
Michigan Leadership Studies
Limitations of Survey Research
Experiments on Task and Relations Behavior
Research Using Critical Incidents
The High-High Leader
Leadership Behavior Taxonomies
Specific Task Behaviors
Specific Relations Behaviors
Evaluation of the Behavior Approach
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Consolidated Products
Case: Air Force Supply Squadron
4. Participative Leadership, Delegation, and Empowerment
Nature of Participative Leadership
Consequences of Participative Leadership
Research on Effects of Participative Leadership
Normative Decision Model
Applications: Guidelines for Participative Leadership
Delegation
Applications: Guidelines for Delegating
Perceived Empowerment
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Echo Electronics
Case: Alvis Corporation
5. Dyadic Relations, Attributions, and Followership
Leader-Member Exchange Theory
Leader Attributions About Subordinates
Applications: Correcting Performance Deficiencies
Follower Attributions and Implicit Theories
Impression Management
Follower Contributions to Effective Leadership
Self-Management
Applications: Guidelines for Followers
Integrating Leader and Follower Roles
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Cromwell Electronics
Case: American Financial Corp.
6. Power and Influence
Conceptions of Power and Authority
Power Types and Sources
Consequences of Position and Personal Power
How Power is Acquired or Lost
How Much Power Should Leaders Have?
Influence Tactics
Power and Influence Behavior
Use and Effectiveness of Influence Tactics
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Restview Hospital
Case: Sporting Goods Store
7. Managerial Traits and Skills
Nature of Traits and Skills
Research on Leader Traits and Skills
Managerial Traits and Effectiveness
Managerial Skills and Effectiveness
Other Relevant Competencies
Situational Relevance of Skills
Evaluation of the Trait Research
Applications for Managers
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: National Products
8. Early Contingency Theories of Effective Leadership
LPC Contingency Model
Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Situational Leadership Theory
Leadership Substitutes Theory
Multiple Linkage Model
Cognitive Resources Theory
General Evaluation of Contingency Theories
Applications for Adaptive Leadership
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Foreign Auto Shop Part 1 and Part 2
9. Charismatic and Transformational Leadership
Two Early Theories
Attribution Theory of Charismatic Leadership
Self-Concept Theory of Charismatic Leadership
Other Conceptions of Charisma
Consequences of Charismatic Leadership
Transformational Leadership
Primary Types of Research on the Theories
Transformational vs. Charismatic Leadership
Evaluation of the Theories
Applications: Guidelines for Leaders Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Metro Bank
Case: Astro Airlines
10. Leading Change in Organizations
Change Processes in Organizations
Influencing Organization Culture
Developing a Vision
Applications: Procedures for Developing a Vision
Implementing Change
Applications: Guidelines for Implementing Change
Innovation and Organizational Learning
Applications: Guidelines for Increasing Learning and Innovation
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Falcon Computers
Case: Ultimate Office Products
11. Leadership in Teams and Decision Groups
The Nature of Teams
Determinants of Team Performance
Leadership in Different Types of Teams
Procedures for Facilitating Team Learning
Applications: Guidelines for Team Building
Decision Making in Groups
Leadership Functions in Meetings
Applications: Guidelines for Leading Meetings
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Southwest Engineering Services
Case: Building Maintenance Inc.
12. Strategic Leadership by Top Executives
How Leaders Influence Organizational Performance
Constraints on Executives
Conditions Affecting the Need for Strategic Leadership
Executive Tenure and Strategic Leadership
Political Power and Strategic Leadership
Research on Effects of CEO Leadership
Strategic Leadership by Executive Teams
Two Key Responsibilities for Top Executives
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Costco
Case: Columbia Corp.
13. Ethical, Servant, Spiritual, and Authentic Leadership
Conceptions of Ethical Leadership
Dilemmas in Assessing Ethical Leadership
Determinants and Consequences of Ethical Leadership
Transforming Leadership and Adaptive Problem Solving
Servant Leadership
Spiritual Leadership
Authentic Leadership
Comparison and Evaluation of Theories
Increasing Ethical Leadership
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Unethical Leadership at Enron
14. Gender, Diversity, and Cross-cultural Leadership
Introduction to Cross-cultural Leadership
Cross-cultural Leadership Research: Types and Difficulties
The GLOBE Project
Cultural Value Dimensions and Leadership
Evaluation of the Cross-cultural Research
Gender and Leadership
Managing Diversity
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Madison, Jones, and Conklin
15. Developing Leadership Skills
Leadership Training Programs
Designing Effective Training
Special Techniques for Leadership Training
Learning from Experience
Developmental Activities
Self-Help Activities
Facilitating Conditions for Leadership Development
A Systems Perspective on Leadership Development
Summary
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Federated Industries
16. Overview and Integration
Major Findings in Leadership Research
Explanatory Processes and Levels of Conceptualization
Toward an Integrating Conceptual Framework
Biases in the Conceptualization of Leadership
Biases in Research Methods
Emerging Conceptions of Leadership
Concluding Thoughts
Review and Discussion Questions
Case: Turnaround at Nissan
References
Author Index
Subject Index
