1 Introduction.- 1.1 What This Book Covers.- 1.2 Failure Types and Conditions.- 1.3 What to Do in an Emergency.- 1.4 Professional Help.- 1.4.1 Help for Building Owners and Managers.- 1.4.2 Help for Architects and Engineers.- 1.4.3 Help for General Building Contractors.- 1.5 Prework On-Site Examination.- 1.5.1 The Owner.- 1.5.2 Architects and Engineers.- 1.5.3 Building Contractors.- 1.6 Demolition and Removal of Existing Construction.- 1.6.1 Controls.- 1.6.2 Protection of Persons and Property to Remain or Be Reused.- 1.6.3 Performing Demolition Work.- 1.6.4 Disposition of Removed Materials.- 1.7 General Requirements for Alterations.- 1.7.1 Controls.- 1.7.2 Materials.- 1.7.3 Making Alterations, Patches, and Repairs.- 2 Support Systems.- 2.1 Excess Structure Movement.- 2.2 Failed Steel or Concrete Structures.- 2.3 Failed Wood Structure or Wood Wall or Partition Framing.- 2.4 Failed Metal Wall or Partition Framing.- 2.5 Failed Concrete, Stone, or Masonry Walls or Partitions.- 2.6 Failed Other Building Elements.- 2.7 Where to Get More Information.- 3 Wood and Metal Materials and Finishes.- 3.1 Wood.- 3.1.1 Wood Door and Panel Materials and Their Quality.- 3.1.2 Wood Window and Sliding-Glass-Door Materials.- 3.1.3 Wood Frame and Trim Materials.- 3.1.4 Preservative Treatment.- 3.2 Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel.- 3.2.1 Heat Treatment.- 3.2.2 Carbon-Steel and Stainless Steel Products.- 3.3 Aluminum.- 3.3.1 Alloy Designations.- 3.3.2 Temper Designations.- 3.3.3 Heat Treatment.- 3.3.4 Aluminum Products.- 3.4 Copper Alloys.- 3.4.1 Alloy Designations.- 3.4.2 Copper Alloy Products.- 3.5 Other Metals.- 3.6 General Requirements for Finishes on Metals.- 3.7 Mechanical and Chemical Cleaning of and Finishes for Steel.- 3.7.1 Mechanical Finishes for and Cleaning of Carbon Steel.- 3.7.2 Chemical Finishes for and Cleaning of Carbon Steel.- 3.7.3 Mechanical Finishes for and Cleaning of Stainless Steel.- 3.7.4 Chemical Finishes for and Cleaning of Stainless Steel.- 3.8 Mechanical and Chemical Cleaning of and Finishes for Aluminum.- 3.8.1 Mechanical Cleaning of and Finishes for Aluminum.- 3.8.2 Chemical Cleaning of and Finishes for Aluminum.- 3.8.3 Anodic Coatings.- 3.9 Mechanical and Chemical Cleaning of and Finishes for Copper Alloys.- 3.9.1 Mechanical Finishes for and Cleaning of Copper Alloys.- 3.9.2 Chemical Cleaning of and Finishes for Copper Alloys.- 3.10 Inorganic Coatings on Metal.- 3.10.1 Metallic Coatings.- 3.10.2 Vitreous Coatings.- 3.10.3 Laminated Coatings.- 3.11 Organic Coatings.- 3.11.1 Standards.- 3.11.2 Manufacturers and Products.- 3.11.3 Opaque Organic Coating Composition.- 3.11.4 Transparent Organic Coating Composition.- 3.11.5 Organic Coating Systems.- 3.11.6 Miscellaneous Materials.- 3.11.7 Special Paints.- 3.11.8 Powder Coatings.- 3.11.9 Film Laminate.- 3.11.10 Preparation of Surfaces to Receive Organic Coatings.- 3.11.11 Factory-Applied Organic Coatings.- 3.11.12 Shop Primer-Coat Application for Field-Applied Paint.- 3.11.13 Preparing the Site for Field Application of Organic Coatings.- 3.11.14 Field Touch-up of Shop Coats.- 3.11.15 Applying Organic Coatings in the Field.- 3.12 Why Wood and Metal Materials and Finishes Fail.- 3.12.1 Bad Materials.- 3.12.2 Selecting Inappropriate Materials.- 3.12.3 Selecting Inappropriate Finishes.- 3.12.4 Improper Preparation for Application of Finishes.- 3.12.5 Improper Finish Application.- 3.12.6 Failure of the Immediate Substrate.- 3.12.7 Failure to Protect Materials and Finishes.- 3.12.8 Failure to Properly Maintain Applied Finishes.- 3.12.9 Natural Aging.- 3.13 Cleaning and Repairing of Woods and Metals and Their Finishes.- 3.13.1 General Requirements.- 3.13.2 Repairing Specific Types of Damage.- 3.13.3 Cleaning Existing Wood and Metal Finishes That Do Not Need Repair.- 3.14 Finishes That Cannot Be Refinished in the Field.- 3.15 Refinishing Existing Wood and Metal in the Field.- 3.15.1 Materials and Manufacturers.- 3.15.2 Organic Coating Systems.- 3.15.3 Preparation for Applying Organic Coatings.- 3.15.4 Applying Paint.- 3.15.5 Applying Other Organic Coatings.- 3.16 Where to Get More Information.- 4 Metal Doors, Frames, and Store Fronts.- 4.1 General Requirements for Metal Doors and Frames.- 4.1.1 Standards.- 4.1.2 Controls.- 4.1.3 Materials.- 4.2 Design and Fabrication of Carbon-Steel Doors and Flush Panels.- 4.2.1 Carbon-Steel Door Types, Styles, and Designs.- 4.2.2 Carbon-Steel Panels.- 4.3 Design and Fabrication of Carbon-Steel Frames.- 4.3.1 Carbon-Steel Frame Types.- 4.4 Design and Fabrication of Formed Stainless Steel and Copper-Alloy Swinging Doors and Frames.- 4.5 Design and Fabrication of Extruded Aluminum Swinging Doors, Frames, and Store Fronts.- 4.5.1 Design and Fabrication of Extruded Aluminum Swinging Doors.- 4.5.2 Design and Fabrication of Extruded Aluminum Door, Entrance, and Store Front Framing.- 4.5.3 Design and Fabrication of Packaged Entrances.- 4.6 Fabrication of Louvers.- 4.7 Finish Hardware for Swinging Doors.- 4.7.1 Hardware Types.- 4.7.2 Hardware Materials and Finishes.- 4.7.3 Preparation of Doors and Frames for Finish Hardware.- 4.8 Frame Supports and Anchors.- 4.9 Installation of Metal Doors and Frames in New Construction.- 4.9.1 Preparation for Installation.- 4.9.2 Installation of Formed Frames and Doors.- 4.9.3 Installation of Extruded Aluminum Swinging Doors, Frames, and Store Fronts.- 4.9.4 Installation of Glazing and Louvers.- 4.9.5 Adjustments, Cleaning, and Protection.- 4.10 Design, Fabrication, and Installation of Revolving Doors.- 4.11 Why Metal Doors and Frames Fail.- 4.11.1 Improper Design.- 4.11.2 Inappropriate Door or Frame Type or Design Selection.- 4.11.3 Inappropriate Hardware Selection.- 4.11.4 Improper Fabrication.- 4.11.5 Improper Installation.- 4.11.6 Unforeseen Trauma.- 4.11.7 Natural Aging.- 4.12 Repairing Metal Doors and Frames.- 4.12.1 General Requirements.- 4.12.2 Repairing Specific Types of Damage.- 4.13 Metal Doors and Frames in Existing Construction.- 4.13.1 Door, Frame, and Hardware Materials, Finishes, Types, and Fabrication.- 4.13.2 Standards, Controls, Delivery, and Handling.- 4.13.3 Preparation for Installation.- 4.13.4 Installation of Doors and Frames.- 4.13.5 Installation of Glazing and Louvers.- 4.14 Where to Get More Information.- 5 Wood Doors and Frames.- 5.1 Fabrication and Operation of Wood Doors and Frames.- 5.1.1 Standards.- 5.1.2 Controls.- 5.1.3 Materials and Finishes.- 5.1.4 Fabrication of Doors, Flush Panels, and Louvers.- 5.1.5 Wood Store Fronts.- 5.1.6 Fabrication of Wood Frames.- 5.1.7 Finish Hardware.- 5.1.8 Warranties.- 5.2 Installation of Wood Doors and Frames in New Construction.- 5.2.1 Delivery and Handling.- 5.2.2 Preparation for Installation.- 5.2.3 Installation of Frames.- 5.2.4 Installation of Doors.- 5.2.5 Glazing and Installation of Louvers.- 5.2.6 Adjustments, Protection, and Cleaning.- 5.3 Why Wood Doors and Frames Fail.- 5.3.1 Improper Design.- 5.3.2 Inappropriate Door or Frame Type or Design Selection.- 5.3.3 Inappropriate Hardware Selection.- 5.3.4 Improper Fabrication.- 5.3.5 Improper Installation.- 5.3.6 Natural Aging.- 5.4 Repairing Wood Doors and Frames.- 5.4.1 General Requirements.- 5.4.2 Repairing Specific Types of Damage.- 5.5 Wood Doors and Frames in Existing Construction.- 5.5.1 Door and Frame Materials, Finishes, Types, and Fabrication.- 5.5.2 Standards, Controls, Delivery, and Handling.- 5.5.3 Preparation for Installation.- 5.5.4 Installation of Doors and Frames.- 5.5.5 Installation of Glazing and Louvers.- 5.5.6 Patching Adjacent Materials and Surfaces.- 5.6 Where to Get More Information.- 6 Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.1 General Requirements for Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.1.1 Controls.- 6.1.2 Glazing.- 6.2 Specific Requirements for Steel Windows.- 6.2.1 Standards for Steel Windows.- 6.2.2 Materials, Products, and Finishes for Steel Windows.- 6.2.3 Steel Window Grades.- 6.2.4 Steel Window Types.- 6.2.5 Steel Window Hardware.- 6.3 Specific Requirements for Aluminum Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.3.1 Standards for Aluminum Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.3.2 Materials, Products, and Finishes for Aluminum Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.3.3 Aluminum Window and Sliding Glass Door Grades and Performance Classes.- 6.3.4 Aluminum Window Types.- 6.3.5 Aluminum Window and Sliding Glass Door Hardware.- 6.4 Specific Requirements for Wood Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.4.1 Standards for Wood Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.4.2 Materials, Products, and Finishes.- 6.4.3 Performance Requirements for Wood Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.4.4 Wood Window Types.- 6.4.5 Hardware for Wood Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.5 Miscellaneous Window and Sliding Glass Door Components and Accessories.- 6.5.1 Thermal Barriers.- 6.5.2 Weather Stripping.- 6.5.3 Frames and Trim.- 6.5.4 Window Sills and Stools.- 6.5.5 Sliding Window and Door Tracks.- 6.5.6 Window Mullions.- 6.5.7 Muntins.- 6.5.8 Storm Windows.- 6.5.9 Venetian Blinds.- 6.5.10 Insect Screens.- 6.5.11 Accessories.- 6.6 Fabrication of Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.7 Installation of Windows and Sliding Glass Doors in New Construction.- 6.7.1 Delivery and Handling.- 6.7.2 Preparation for Installation.- 6.7.3 Installation.- 6.7.4 Adjustments, Cleaning, and Protection.- 6.8 Why Windows and Sliding Glass Doors Fail.- 6.8.1 Improper Design.- 6.8.2 Inappropriate Window or Sliding Glass Door Grade or Window Type Selection.- 6.8.3 Inappropriate Hardware Selection.- 6.8.4 Improper Fabrication.- 6.8.5 Improper Installation.- 6.8.6 Natural Aging.- 6.8.7 Improper Modifications.- 6.9 Repairing Windows and Sliding Glass Doors.- 6.9.1 General Requirements.- 6.9.2 Repairing Specific Types of Damage.- 6.10 Windows and Sliding Glass Doors in Existing Construction.- 6.10.1 Standards, Controls, Delivery, and Handling.- 6.10.2 Windows and Sliding Glass Doors and Associated Hardware, Glazing, and Miscellaneous Components.- 6.10.3 Preparation for Installation.- 6.10.4 Installation of Windows and Sliding Glass Doors, and Their Glazing.- 6.11 Where to Get More Information.- 7 Glazed Curtain Walls.- 7.1 General Requirements for Glazed Curtain Walls.- 7.1.1 Systems.- 7.1.2 Standards.- 7.1.3 Controls.- 7.1.4 Warranties.- 7.1.5 Performance Requirements.- 7.1.6 Materials.- 7.1.7 Finishes.- 7.1.8 Design and Fabrication.- 7.1.9 Glazing in Curtain Walls.- 7.1.10 Miscellaneous Components and Accessories.- 7.2 Installation of Glazed Curtain Walls in New Construction.- 7.2.1 Preparation for Installation.- 7.2.2 Installation.- 7.2.3 Adjustments, Cleaning, and Protection.- 7.3 Why Glazed Curtain Walls Fail.- 7.3.1 Improper Design.- 7.3.2 Improper Fabrication.- 7.3.3 Improper Installation.- 7.3.4 Improper Maintenance.- 7.3.5 Natural Aging.- 7.4 Repairing Glazed Curtain Walls.- 7.4.1 General Requirements.- 7.4.2 Repairing Specific Types of Damage.- 7.5 Glazed Curtain Walls in Existing Construction.- 7.5.1 Standards, Controls, Delivery, and Handling.- 7.5.2 Glazed Curtain Wall Materials, Finishes, Types, and Fabrication.- 7.5.3 Preparation for Installation.- 7.5.4 Installation of Glazed Curtain Walls.- 7.6 Where to Get More Information.- 8 Glazing.- 8.1 General Requirements for Glazing.- 8.1.1 Standards.- 8.1.2 Controls.- 8.1.3 Warranties.- 8.1.4 Performance Requirements.- 8.2 Materials.- 8.2.1 Glass Types and Quality.- 8.2.2 Plastic Glazing Materials.- 8.2.3 Miscellaneous Glazing Materials.- 8.3 Glazing in New Construction.- 8.3.1 Delivery, Storage, and Handling.- 8.3.2 Preparation for Glazing.- 8.3.3 General Glazing Requirements.- 8.3.4 Specific Glazing Requirements.- 8.3.5 Cleaning and Protection.- 8.4 Why Glazing Fails.- 8.4.1 Bad Materials.- 8.4.2 Improper Design.- 8.4.3 Inappropriate Type Selection.- 8.4.4 Improper Fabrication.- 8.4.5 Improper Installation.- 8.4.6 Failure to Protect and Properly Maintain Glazing.- 8.4.7 Improper Modifications.- 8.5 Glazing in Existing Construction.- 8.5.1 Standards, Controls, Warranties, Performance Requirements, Delivery, and Handling.- 8.5.2 Glazing Materials and Accessories.- 8.5.3 Preparation for Glazing.- 8.5.4 Glazing.- 8.6 Where to Get More Information.- Appendix Data Sources.