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Europe in 1915; the defence of the existing order; the challenge to the existing order; western liberalism and eastern autocracy; revolutionary upheaval 1848-9; France 1848-71 and the revival of Republicanism and Bonapartism; the renewed attack on the existing order 1848-71; the great powers 1815-71 and the Eastern question; Europe in 1871 and the quickening pace; the German Reich 1871-1918; the French 3rd Republic to 1914; Liberal Italy 1861-1922; the Habsburg Empire 1867-1918; Imperial Russia 1855-1917; the Eastern question 1871-1913 and the balance of power; overseas empires and European Imperialism; the great power 1890-1914; the First World War; Russia 1917-41 Marxism-Leninism and Stalinism; Europe after the First World War; the struggle for democracy; the dictatorships; the struggle for international cooperation and peace; the coming of the Second World War; Europe 1815-1941 - retrospect.