About the Authors xviii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxvii PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS 1 The Spirit of American Politics Who Governs? How Does American Politics Work? Ideas Institutions Interests Individuals 1 History 10 What Does Government Do? 11 Context: Government in Society 11 No Big Government! 12 What Government Does 13 A Chronic Problem 14 The Hidden Government 14 COMPARING NATIONS 1.1: U.S. Taxpayers Less Burdened Than The Best of Government 15 Who Are We? 17 COMPARING NATIONS 1.2 INFO/DATA Changing Face of America: Percentage of Total U.S. Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1960-2060 19 WHAT DO YOU THINK? GETTING ENGAGED IN POLITICS-OR NOT 18 Conclusion: Your Turn 20 Chapter Summary 20 Key Terms Study Questions 21 2 The Ideas That Shape America 22 A Nation of Ideas 23 BY THE NUMBERS American Ideas 24 Liberty 25 The Land of the Free 26 The Two Sides of Liberty 26 WHAT DO YOU THINK? NEGATIVE VERSUS POSITIVE LIBERTY 27 The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing 27 Self-Rule 29 One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy 29 Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic 30 A Mixed System 31 Limited Government 32 The Origins of Limited Government 32 And Yet . . . the United States keeps Demanding More Government 33 Limits on Government Action 34 When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited Government 35 WHAT DO YOU THINK? SELF-RULE VERSUS LIMITED GOVERNMENT 36 Individualism 36 Community Versus Individualism 37 COMPARING NATIONS 2.1: Should Government Take Care of the Poor? 38 The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity and Discord 38 Golden Opportunity 38 Social Conflict 39 Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity? 39 WHAT DO YOU THINK? INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS SOLIDARITY 40 The American Dream 41 Spreading the Dream 41 Challenging the Dream 41 Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy? 41 COMPARING NATIONS 2.2: Social Mobility Around the World 43 Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong Values? 42 Equality 44 Three Types of Equality Social Equality Political Equality INFO/DATA: Most Americans Believe There Is Opportunity to Get Ahead Economic Equality How Much Economic Equality Is Too Much? Opportunity or Outcome? Equal opportunity Equal outcome Religion Still a Religious Country So Many Religions Politics of Religion How Do Ideas Affect Politics? Ideas in American Culture Ideas in Political Institutions Culture or Institutions? Conclusion: Culture and Institutions, Together Chapter Summary Key Terms Study Questions 3 The Constitution 56 BY THE NUMBERS The Constitution 58 The Colonial Roots of the Constitution 59 COMPARING NATIONS 3.1: The U.S. Constitution in Comparative Context 59 Why the Colonists Revolted 61 The Colonial Complaint: Representation 61 The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier 62 The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence 63 The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict 63 The Boston Tea Party 64 Revolution! 64 A Long Legacy 65 The Declaration of Independence 65 The Principle: We Hold These Truths . . . 65 Grievances 67 The First American Government: The Articles of Confederation 67 Independent States 68 The National Government 68 Some Success . . . 68 . . . And Some Problems 69 WHAT DO YOU THINK? YOUR ADVICE IS NEEDED 70 Secrecy 70 The Constitutional Convention 72 1. How Much Power to the People? 72 2. National Government Versus State Government 73 3. Big States Versus Small States 74 The Virginia Plan 74 The New Jersey Plan 75 The Connecticut Compromise 75 4. The President 76 Committee or Individual? 76 The Electoral College 76 The President: Too Strong or Too Weak? 77 5. Separation of Powers 78 6. A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed 79 The Three-Fifths Compromise 79 The Slave Trade 80 Fugitive Slaves 81 The National Calamity 81 An Overview of the Constitution 82 Preamble 82 Article 1: Congress 82 WHAT DO YOU THINK? HAVE WE ACHIEVED THESE NATIONAL GOALS TODAY? 83 Article 2: The President 83 COMPARING NATIONS 3.2: The U.S. Government Is Different from Most Democracies 84 Article 3: The Courts 85 Article 4: Relations Between the States 85 Article 5: Amendments 85 Article 6: The Law of the Land 86 Article 7: Ratification 86 The Missing Articles 86 Ratification 86 The Anti-Federalists 87 The Federalists 87 Two Strong Arguments 88 A Very Close Vote 88 A Popular Surge Propels People into Politics 90 Changing the Constitution 91 The Bill of Rights 91 The Seventeen Amendments 93 The Constitution Today 93 WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW STRICTLY SHOULD WE INTERPRET THE CONSTITUTION? 94 INFO/DATA Amend the Constitution today? On What Issue? 95 Conclusion: Does the Constitution Still Work? 96 Chapter Summary 96 Key Terms Study Questions 97 4 Federalism and Nationalism 98 BY THE NUMBERS Federalism 101 Forging Federalism 100 Who Holds Government Authority? 103 Advantages of State-Level Policy 103 The Advantages of National Policy 104 INFO/DATA Regulatory Policies Differ By State WHAT DO YOU THINK? PRESERVING LOCAL VALUES OR CONTINUING A TERRIBLE INJUSTICE? 105 How Federalism Works 106 The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules 106 The Constitution Empowers National Authority 107 The Constitution Protects State Authority 107 The Constitution Authorizes Shared Power 107 Dual Federalism (1789-1933) 109 Cooperative Federalism (1933-1981) 110 New Federalism 111 Progressive Federalism 112 Education 112 Healthcare 112 Issues in Federalism 113 Unfunded Mandates 113 The Problems We Face: How Government Grows 113 Drowned in the Bathtub? Reducing the Federal Government 114 On Both Sides of the Issue 114 In a Nutshell: Our Three-Dimensional Political Chess 115 Federalism in the Courts 117 Nationalism, American Style 119 The Rise of American Nationalism 119 America's Weak National Government 119 COMPARING NATIONS 4.1: Government Spending as a Proportion of Gross Domestic Product 120 Size 120 Authority 120 Independence 121 Conclusion: Who Are We? 122 Chapter Summary 122 Key Terms Study Questions 123 5 Civil Liberties 124 The Rise of Civil Liberties 126 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 126 BY THE NUMBERS Civil Liberties 127 The Purpose of Civil Liberties 128 The Slow Rise of Rights 128 Privacy 129 Penumbras and Emanations 129 Roe v. Wade 131 WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS THERE A RIGHT TO PRIVACY? 132 Planned Parenthood v. Casey 132 Sex Between Consenting Adults 133 Clashing Principles 133 Freedom of Religion 134 The Establishment Clause 134 Free Exercise of Religion 135 WHAT DO YOU THINK? MAY THE CHRISTIAN YOUTH CLUB MEET IN SCHOOL? 136 Freedom of Speech 137 A Preferred Position 137 Political Speech 138 COMPARING NATIONS 5.1: Civil Liberties Around the World 138 TEST YOURSELF: The Simpsons Versus the First Amendment-Which Do You Know Better? 139 Symbolic Speech 140 Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words 140 WHAT DO YOU THINK? FREE SPEECH ON CAMPUS 141 Limited Protections: Student Speech 142 Freedom of the Press 143 Prior Restraint 143 Obscenity 144 Libel 145 The Right to Bear Arms 146 A Relic of the Revolution? 146 The Palladium of All Liberties? 146 INFO/DATA Guns on Campus 147 The Rights of the Accused 148 The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure 148 The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials 150 The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel 151 The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty 152 WHAT DO YOU THINK? END THE DEATH PENALTY? 153 Terrorism, Non-Citizens, and Civil Liberties Contacts with Forbidden Groups Surveillance The Rights of Non-Citizens Conclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties 156 Chapter Summary 156 Key Terms Study Questions 157 6 The Struggle for Civil Rights 158 BY THE NUMBERS Civil Rights 161 Winning Rights: The Political Process 160 Seven Steps to Political Equality 160 How the Courts Review Cases 162 Suspect Categories 162 Quasi-Suspect Categories 162 Nonsuspect Categories 163 Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against Slavery 163 The Clash over Slavery 163 Abolition 164 Economics 164 Politics 164 Dred Scott v. Sandford 165 The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom? 165 Freedom Fails 166 The Fight for Racial Equality 168 Two Types of Discrimination 168 The Modern Civil Rights Campaign Begins 168 The Courts 169 The Civil Rights Movement 170 Congress and the Civil Rights Act 171 Divisions in the Movement 172 The Post Civil Rights Era 173 Affirmative Action in the Workplace 173 Affirmative Action in Education 174 WHAT DO YOU THINK? HIGHER EDUCATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 174 Women's Rights 175 Suffrage 175 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 177 COMPARING NATIONS 6.1: Percentage of Women in National Legislatures: Selected Countries 178 Equal Rights Amendment 179 The Courts 179 Progress for Women-But How Much? 180 Hispanics 181 Challenging Discrimination 181 The Politics of Immigration 182 Ancient Fears 182 Three Categories 182 Undocumented Immigrants 183 Language Controversy: Speak English! 184 Political Mobilization 184 Asian Americans 186 Native Americans 187 The Lost Way of Life 188 Indians and the Federal Government 188 Social Problems and Politics 189 Native Americans and the Courts 189 Groups Without Special Protection 190 People with Disabilities 190 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 191 INFO/DATA: Laws Restricting Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity The Fight for Civil Rights Goes On 192 Voting Rights Today 192 Economic and Social Rights Today 193 Health 193 Income 193 Incarceration Conclusion: Civil Rights . . . By the People 195 Chapter Summary 196 Key Terms Study Questions 197 PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 7 Public Opinion 198 BY THE NUMBERS Public Opinion 201 Sources of Public Opinion 200 Political Socialization 201 Parents and Friends 202 Education 202 Gender 202 Race 202 Religion 203 Life Events 203 Party 203 Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks 204 Elite Influence 204 Wars and Other Focusing Events 205 Measuring Public Opinion 206 Polling Bloopers 206 Polling 101 206 The Random Sample 206 INFO/DATA Surveys Face Growing Difficulty Reaching and Persuading Potential Respondents 207 Sampling Frame 208 Refining the Sample 208 Timing 208 Wording 208 COMPARING NATIONS 7.1: Top Global Threats: Polling Around the World 209 Lies, Damn Lies, and Polls 209 Technology and Error 209 Sampling Error and Response Bias 210 How Did They Do? 210 Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us? 211 TALKING POLITICS TYPES OF POLLS 211 WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS POLLING BAD FOR DEMOCRACY? Public Opinion in a Democracy 212 Ignorant Masses 213 The Rational Public 213 WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW CLOSELY SHOULD CANDIDATES FOLLOW PUBLIC OPINION? Public Opinion and Governing 215 Do the People Know What They Want? 215 How Do the People Communicate Their Desires? 216 Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion? 216 Conclusion: Government by the People 218 Chapter Summary 218 Key Terms Study Questions 219 8 Political Participation 220 BY THE NUMBERS Political Participation 223 How We Participate 222 Traditional Participation 222 Voting 222 Electoral Activities 224 Political Voice 224 Civic Voluntarism 225 Direct Action 225 WHAT DO YOU THINK? WOULD YOU HAVE PROTESTED? 226 Civil Disobedience 226 An Underlying Question 226 Why People Get Involved 227 Background: Age, Wealth, and Education 228 Age 228 Wealth 228 Education 228 Race 228 INFO/DATA Issues Attracting Americans to Public Rallies Friends, Family, and Social Capital 230 Political Mobilization 232 TALKING POLITICS HOW MOBILIZERS SEE US 231 Government Beneficiaries 232 Context 232 What Discourages Political Participation? 233 COMPARING NATIONS 8.1: Voter Turnout in Selected Countries 234 Alienation 234 COMPARING NATIONS 8.2: Trust in Government 236 Institutional Barriers Complacency 237 Shifting Mobilization Patterns 238 New Avenues for Participation: The Internet, Social Media, and the Millennial Generation 238 Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy 239 Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger Than Democratic Renaissance240 Does Social Media Increase Political Participation? 240 How the Millennial Generation Participates 242 Conclusion 244 WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD VOTING BE REQUIRED BY LAW? 245 Chapter Summary 246 Key Terms Study Questions 246 9 Media, Technology, and Government 248 BY THE NUMBERS The Media 251 Media and American Democracy 251 Providing Information 251 Watching Political Leaders 252 Shaping the Political Agenda 252 U.S. Media Today: Traditional Formats Are Declining 254 Where People Go for News 254 Newspapers and Magazines: Rise and Decline 255 The First Mass Media 255 Radio Holds Steady 257 Television: From News to Infotainment 257 The Rise of Cable 258 Infotainment 258 The Rise of the New Media 259 Is the Media Biased? 261 Are Reporters Politically Biased? 261 Profits Drive the News Industry 262 Drama Delivers Audiences 262 Investigative Bias 264 WHAT DO YOU THINK? Is the Media Objective? Should It Be? The Fairness Bias 265 How Governments Shape the Media 265 The First Amendment Protects Print Media from Regulation 265 Regulating Broadcasters 266 Protecting Competition 267 Media Around the World 267 INFO/DATA Media Consolidation 268 Government-Owned Stations 269 COMPARING NATIONS 9.1: Censorship Under Pressure? 270 Censorship 270 American Media in the World 270 Understanding the Media in Context: War, Terrorism, and U.S. Elections 271 Covering Wars and Terrorism 271 The Campaign as Drama 272 Candidate Profiles 273 Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the Media World 274 Chapter Summary 276 Key Terms Study Questions 277 10 Campaigns and Elections XXX BY THE NUMBERS Campaigns and Elections XXX How Democratic Are American Elections? XXX Frequent and Fixed Elections XXX COMPARING NATIONS 10.1: Election Timetables for National Government XXX Over 520,000 Elected Officials XXX WHAT DO YOU THINK? ELECTED VERSUS APPOINTED POSITIONS? Barriers to Voting Too Much Money? Democracy for the Rich? XXX Major Donors: Easier to Give XXX INFO/DATA Money in Elections: The New Rules XXX Presidential Campaigns and Elections XXX Who Runs for President? XXX The Three Phases of Presidential Elections XXX Winning the Nomination XXX WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHY IOWA AND NEW HAMPSHIRE? XXX Organizing the Convention XXX The General Election XXX Winning Presidential Elections XXX The Economy XXX Demographics XXX War and Foreign Policy XXX Domestic Issues XXX The Campaign Organization XXX Parties Matter XXX The Electoral College and Swing States XXX That Elusive Winning Recipe Predicting Presidential Elections Congressional Elections 297 Candidates: Who Runs for Congress? 298 The Power of Incumbency 299 Patterns in Congressional Elections 301 Redrawing the Lines: The Art of the Gerrymander 302 Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation 304 Congressional Campaigns 305 Candidate-Centered Elections 305 How to Run for Congress 306 Key 1: Money 306 Key 2: Organization 306 TALKING POLITICS CAMPAIGN LINGO 307 Key 3: Strategy 307 Key 4: Message 308 Conclusion: Reforming American Elections 309 Chapter Summary 312 Study Questions 313 11 Political Parties 314 BY THE NUMBERS Political Parties Political Parties and U.S. Government 317 What the Parties Do 317 Parties Champion Ideas 317 Parties Select Candidates 317 Parties Mobilize the Voters 317 Parties Organize Governing Activity After the Election 318 Parties Help Integrate New Groups into the Political Process 318 Two-Party America 319 COMPARING NATIONS 11.1: Organizing Electoral/Governing Systems 320 Third Parties in American Politics 321 America's Party Systems: Origins and Change 322 Beginnings: First Party System (1789-1828) 323 Rise: Second Party System (1828-1860) 324 War and Reconstruction: Third Party System (1860-1896) 325 Business and Reform: Fourth Party System (1896-1932) 326 Depression and the New Deal: Fifth Party System (1933-1968) 327 WHAT DO YOU THINK? DOES THE 2016 ELECTION SUGGEST A NEW PARTY SYSTEM? 328 The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1969-Present) 328 Why the Party Period Matters 329 Party Identification . . . and Ideas 330 Building Party Identification 330 The Power of Party Attachment 331 Voting/Participation 331 InfoData 11.1 Filtering Ideology Republican Factions Populists or Trumpists Religious Traditionalists Fiscal Conservatives Libertarians Neoconservatives Fiscal Conservatives Moderates Democratic Factions Progressives The Civil Rights Caucus Organized Labor Centrists Organizing the Parties The Party Bureaucracy Party in Government Party in the Electorate The Big Tent TALKING POLITICS PARTY ICONS ANd SYMBOLS Party Competition . . . and Partisanship Parties Rise Again Competition and Partisanship Intensifies WHAT DO YOU THINK? PARTISANSHIP Yes, partisanship is harmful No, partisanship is healthy Maybe Conclusion: A Party System Ripe for Reform? 1. Proportional Representation 2. Reduce the Barriers to Third-Party Competition in Elections 3. Reduce Partisanship in Government Chapter Summary Study Questions 12 Interest Groups BY THE NUMBERS Interest Groups Interest-Group Roles in American Politics Informing Members Communicating Members' Views Mobilizing the Public What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy? Types of Interest Groups Economic Groups Citizen or Public Interest Groups Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying Interest Groups Past and Present 1960s Advocacy Explosion COMPARING NATIONS 12.1: The Spread of American-Style Lobbying Young and Plugged In Interest-Group Lobbyists in Action The Multiple Roles of Lobbyists Researchers Witnesses Position Takers Coalition Builders Social Butterflies Grassroots Campaign Builders Three Types of Group Representatives TALKING POLITICS WASHINGTON LOBBYING Nonprofits Don't Lobby? Interest Groups and the Federal Branches of Government Rise of the Issue Network Interest Groups and the Courts Lobbying on Judicial Confirmations Filing Amicus Curiae (Friend of Court) Briefs Sponsoring Litigation Interest Groups and Power Interest Group Spending INFO/DATA Amazon's Expanding Lobbying Interests, 2000-2017 Regulating Interest Groups Are Interest Groups Bad or Good for America? Four Concerns About Interest Groups 1. Corruption 2. Division and Hyperpluralism 3. Accountability 4. Restricted Access Four Defenses of Interest Groups 1. More Democratic Representation 2. Communication and Information 3. Mobilizing and Organizing the Public WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW MUCH INFLUENCE SHOULD INTEREST GROUPS HAVE IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT? 4. Stability Conclusion: Interest-Group Influence Revisited Chapter Summary Study Questions PART III POLITICAL ISTITUTIONS 13 Congress Introducing Congress BY THE NUMBERS Congress Two Chambers, Different Styles The House and Senate Each Have Unique Roles WHAT DO YOU THINK? SENATE FILIBUSTERS AND LEGISLATIVE HOLDS Congressional Representation Does Congress Reflect America? WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO REALLY REPRESENTS YOU? Trustees and Delegates Do the Right Thing Do What the People Want WHAT DO YOU THINK? TWO VIEWS OF REPRESENTATION Getting to Congress-And Staying There The Permanent Campaign Home Style: Back in the District A Government of Strangers Congress at Work The City on the Hill TALKING POLITICS CAPITOL HILL BUZZWORDS Minnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership House Leadership Senate Leadership Committees: Workhorses of Congress The Enduring Power of Committees Leadership and Assignments COMPARING NATIONS 13.1: A Unique U.S. System Legislative Policymaking Drafting a Bill Submitting the Bill Committee Action 1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy Topics 2. Committees Prepare Legislation for Floor Consideration 3. Committees Also Kill Legislation 4. Committees Exercise Oversight Floor Action Getting to the Floor On the Floor The Vote Conference Committee Presidential Action: Separated Powers Revisited Why Is Congress So Unpopular? Partisan Polarization in Congress INFO/DATA Historic Partisan Polarization WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS A PARTISAN CONGRESS A GOOD THING? Divided Government Some Popular Reforms-And Their Limits Limit Lobbyists Educate the Public The Real World of Democracy Conclusion: Congress and the Challenge of Governing Chapter Summary Study Questions 14 The Presidency Defining the Presidency BY THE NUMBERS The Presidency Defined by Controversy The President's Powers COMPARING NATIONS 14.1: Chief Executives' Power Is the Presidency Too Powerful? An Imperial Presidency? A Weak Office? What Presidents Do Commander in Chief What Do You Think: Who Should Deploy American Troops? Top Diplomat The First Legislator Recommending Measures State of the Union Presidential Batting Average Veto Signing Statements Chief Bureaucrat Appointments Executive Orders INFO/DATA Executive Orders Issued by Each President, Per Day in Office Economist in Chief The Head of State Party Leader The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas The Impossible Job Presidential Leadership: Success and Failure in the Oval Office Managing the Public Approval Ratings WHAT DO YOU THINK? RANKING THE PRESIDENT Presidential Greatness Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders Step 1: A New Order Rises Step 2: The Order Refreshed Step 3: The Old Order Crumbles The Personal Presidency Presidential Style WHAT DO YOU THINK? GO PUBLIC OR PLAY THE INSIDE GAME The Burden of the Office The President's Team: A Tour of the White House The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments The Vice President The Cabinet The Executive Office of the President The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) The National Security Council (NSC) The Heart of Power: The White House Office (WHO) TALKING POLITICS SPEAK LIKE A WEST WING INSIDER WHAT DO YOU THINK? DO PRESIDENTS NEED SUCH A LARGE STAFF? The First Spouse Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth? Chapter Summary Study Questions 15 Bureaucracy BY THE NUMBERS The Bureaucracy How the Bureaucracy Grew Birth of the Bureaucracy War Morality Economics Geography Race/Ethnicity The Bureaucratic Model Hierarchy Division of Labor Fixed Routines Equal Rules for All Technical Qualifications Bureaucratic Pathologies The Democratic Dilemma What Bureaucracies Do Rule-Making Implementation How the Bureaucracy Is Organized TALKING POLITICS BUREAUCRACY BUZZWORDS The Cabinet Departments The Challenge of Governing COMPARING NATIONS 15.1: Parliamentary Systems The Rotating Bureaucracy The Cabinet and Diversity Other Agencies Executive Agencies Independent Regulatory Commissions INFO/DATA The Formation of Regulatory Commissions An Army of Their Own Private Contractors Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy? The People The President WHAT DO YOU THINK ? SHOULD WE HAVE MORE POLITICALLY APPOINTED BUEAUCRATS? Congress Interest Groups Bureaucratic Autonomy Democracy Revisited Reforming the Bureaucracy Critiques Cost Inertia Public Mistrust Reforms Open Up the System Reinventing Government Privatization Conclusion: The Real Solution Lies with You Chapter Summary Study Questions 16 The Judicial Branch Who Are We? A Nation of Laws . . .and Lawyers Embracing the Law-and Lawsuits BY THE NUMBERS The U.S. Judiciary Trust in Courts Courts in American Culture COMPARING NATIONS 16.1: Number of Lawyers, Per Capita Organizing the Judicial Branch Divided We Rule State and Local Courts Judicial Selection WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW SHOULD STATES SELECT THEIR JUDGES? Federal Courts Specialized Courts Diversity in the Federal Judiciary WHAT DO YOU THINK? IDENTITY ON THE BENCH The Court's Role Judicial Review Activism Versus Restraint The Judicial Process Too Much Power? COMPARING NATIONS 16.2: Power of the Judiciary . . . Or Still the Least Dangerous Branch? The Supreme Court and How It Operates Hearing Cases Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements Selecting Cases: Informal Factors Conference Sessions and Written Decisions Supreme Court Clerks Confirmation Battles Judicial Decision Making and Reform The Role of Law Ideology and Partisanship INFO/DATA How Americans View the Supreme Court: Liberal or Conservative? Collegiality and Peer Pressure Institutional Concerns Nineteen Cases You Should Know 1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) 2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 3. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) 4. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 5. Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) 6. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 7. Lochner v. New York (1905) 8. Muller v. Oregon (1908) 9. Schenck v. United States (1919) 10. National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) 11. Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) 12. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 13. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 14. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 15. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) 16. Roe v. Wade (1973) 17. U.S. v. Nixon (1974) 18. Bush v. Gore (2000) 19. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) WHAT DO YOU THINK? NAME ANOTHER LANDMARK CASE The Nineteen Cases-and the Power of the Court Improving the Judiciary Criticisms Ideas for Reform: More Resources Term Limits Shift Authority to Congress Conclusion: Democracy and the Courts Chapter Summary Study Questions PART IV POLICYMAKING 17 Public Policymaking and Budgeting Public Policymaking in Five (Not-So-Easy) Stages BY THE NUMBERS U.S. Public Policy 1. Agenda Setting 2. Framing 3. Policy Formation Analyzing Policy, Ex Ante From Cost-Benefit Analysis to Politics 4. Policy Implementation Rule-Making Revisited Top-Down Delivery Bottom-Up Delivery 5. Policy Evaluation and Feedback Ex Post Policy Evaluations A Case in Point: Gang Violence Policy Feedback U.S. Social Policy Wars and Social Policy Old-Age Insurance: Social Security Unemployment Benefits Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD WE REFOM SOCIAL SECURITY AND MEDICARE? Economic Policymaking: Fiscal and Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy Monetary Policy Economic Policymaking: The Federal Budget Process President's Budget Proposal Congressional Budget Resolution COMPARING NATIONS 17.1: Budget Policymaking Reign of the Cardinals: Appropriations Committee Action Making Good Policy Moral Policies: Justice or Democracy? Economically Efficient Policies Info/Data: Views on Policymaking Capitalism Goes to the Movies Reforming U.S. Policymaking Systemic Reform Policy Entrepreneurs Eight Steps to Successful Policy Reform Have Passion Act with Speed Bring a Plan 5 Mind the Symbols Have a Philosophy Go Public Know the Rules Learn How to Lose Conclusion: Policy Matters Chapter Summary Study Questions 18 Foreign Policy BY THE NUMBERS Foreign Policy American Foreign-Policy Goal No. 1: Security Military Primacy COMPARING NATIONS 18.1: Military Spending Worldwide Basis for Primacy: Realism A Different View: Liberalism Soft Power Foreign Aid and National Security COMPARING NATIONS 18.2: Spending on Foreign Aid American Foreign-Policy Goal No. 2: Prosperity Economic Superpower or Nation in Decline? Free Trade Challenges to Free Trade Energy Economic Weapons Foreign-Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American Ideals American Exceptionalism The View from Abroad WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS AMERICA EXCEPTIONAL? Foreign-Policy Perspectives Engage the World? Isolationism Versus Intervention Go It Alone or Act with Others? Four Approaches WHAT DO YOU THINK? FOREIGN-POLICY PERSPECTIVES Who Makes Foreign Policy? Congress The President The State Department The Department of Defense TALKING POLITICS SOUND LIKE A FOREIGN-POLICY PRO Intelligence The National Security Council Other Executive Agencies INFO/DATA Are You a Global Citizen? Interest Groups and the Public Fragmentation or Success? Adding All of It Up: Grand Strategies in U.S. History Standing Alone (1918-1939) The Cold War (1945-1991) The New World Order (1989-2001) The War on Terror (2001-2009) Conclusion: The Next Grand Strategy WHAT DO YOU THINK? Building a New Grand Strategy Chapter Summary Study Questions APPENDIX I The Declaration of Independence A-1 APPENDIX II The Constitution of the United States of America A-3 APPENDIX III The Federalist Papers nos. 1, 10, and 51 A-20 Glossary G-1 Notes N-1 Credits C-1 Index I-1 Presidential Elections, Congressional Control, 1789-2016 Insert
