Preface
Chapter 1 Writing from Research
1a Why Do Research?
1b Learning The Conventions of Academic Writing
1c Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism
1d Understanding a Research Assignment
Understanding the Terminology
1e Establishing a Schedule
Chapter 2 Finding a Topic
2a Relating Your Personal Ideas to a Scholarly Problem
Connecting Personal Experience to Scholarly Topics
Speculating about Your Subject to Discover Ideas and to Focus on the Issues
2b Talking with Others to Find and Refine the Topic
Personal Interviews
Online Discussion Groups
2c Using Online Searches to Refine Your Topic
Using an Online Subject Directory
Using an Internet Keyword Search
2d Using the Library's Electronic Databases to Find and Narrow a Subject
2e Using the Library's Electronic Book Catalog to Find a Topic
2f Developing a Thesis Statement, Enthymeme, or Hypothesis
2g Drafting a Research Proposal
The Short Proposal
The Long Proposal
Your Research Project
Chapter 3 Organizing Ideas and Setting Goals
3a Using a Basic Order to Chart the Course of Your Work
3b Using Your Research Proposal to Direct Your Notetaking
3c Listing Key Terms and Phrases to Set Directions for Notetaking
3d Writing a Rough Outline
3e Using Questions to Identify Issues
3f Setting Goals by Using Organizational Patterns
3g Using Approaches across the Curriculum to Chart Your Ideas
3h Using Your Thesis to Chart the Direction of Your Research
Your Research Project
Chapter 4 Gathering Sources Online
4a Beginning an Online Search
CHECKLIST: Evaluating Internet Sources
4b Reading an Online Address
4c Using a Search Engine
Subject Directory Search Engines
Robot-Driven Search Engines
Metasearch Engines
Specialized Search Engines
Educational Search Engines
Educational Search Engines Maintained by Libraries
4d Searching for Articles in Journals and Magazines
Online Journals
Online Magazines
4e Searching for Articles in Newspapers and Media Sources
4f Searching for Photographs and Other Visual Sources
4g Accessing E-Books
4h Using Listserv, Usenet, and Chat Groups
4i Examining Library Holdings via Online Access
4j Finding an Internet Bibliography
4k Conducting Archival Research on the Internet
Your Research Project
Chapter 5 Gathering Data in the Library
5a Launching the Search
5b Developing a Working Bibliography
5c Finding Books on Your Topic
Using Your Library's Electronic Book Catalog
Using the Library's Printed Bibliographies
5d Finding Articles in Magazines and Journals
Searching the General Indexes to Periodicals
Finding Indexes by Topic in Appendix B
Using the H. W. Wilson Indexes
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature
Social Sciences Index
Humanities Index
Searching for an Index to Abstracts
Searching for Abstracts of Dissertations
5e Searching for a Biography
5f Searching for Articles in the Newspaper Indexes
5g Searching the Indexes to Pamphlet Files
5h Searching for Government Documents
5i Searching for Essays within Books
5j Using the Microforms
Your Research Project
Chapter 6 Conducting Field Research
6a Investigating Local Sources
Interviewing Knowledgeable People
Writing Letters and Corresponding by E-mail
Reading Personal Papers
Attending Lectures and Public Addresses
6b Investigating Government Documents
6c Examining Audiovisual Materials, Television, and Radio
6d Conducting a Survey with a Questionnaire
6e Conducting Experiments, Tests, and Observation
Your Research Project
Chapter 7 Reading and Evaluating Sources
7a Finding Reliable Sources
7b Selecting a Mix of both Primary and Secondary Sources
7c Evaluating Sources
Evaluating the Key Parts of an Article
Evaluating the Key Parts of a Book
Evaluating the Key Parts of an Internet Article
7d Outlining a Source
7e Summarizing a Source
7f Preparing an Annotated Bibliography
7g Preparing a Review of the Literature on a Topic
Your Research Project
Chapter 8 Writing Effective Notes and Creating Outlines
Gathering Printouts, Photocopies, Scanned Images, and Downloaded Data
Writing Notes of High Quality
8a Creating Effective Notes
Honoring the Conventions of Research Style
Using a Computer for Notetaking
8b Writing Personal Notes
8c Writing Direct Quotation Notes
Quoting Primary Sources
Quoting Secondary Sources
8d Writing Paraphrased Notes
8e Writing Summary Notes
8f Writing Precis Notes
8g Writing Notes from Field Research
8h Creating Outlines Using Academic Models
A General All-Purpose Model
Model for Advancing Your Ideas and Theories
Model for the Analysis of Creative Works
Model for Argument and Persuasion Papers
Model for Analysis of History
Model for a Comparative Study
8i Writing a Formal Outline
Using Standard Outline Symbols
Writing a Formal Topic Outline
Writing a Formal Sentence Outline
Your Research Project
Chapter 9 Drafting the Paper in an Academic Style
9a Focusing Your Argument
Maintaining a Focus on Objective Facts and Subjective Ideas
9b Refining the Thesis Statement
Using Questions to Focus the Thesis
Adjust or Change Your Thesis during Research if Necessary
9c Writing an Academic Title
9d Drafting the Paper from Your Research Journal, Notes, and Computer Files
Writing from Your Notes
Writing with Unity and Coherence
Writing in the Proper Tense
Using the Language of the Discipline
Using Source Material to Enhance Your Writing
Writing in the Third Person
Writing with the Passive Voice in an Appropriate Manner
9e Placing Graphics Effectively in a Research Essay
9f Avoiding Sexist and Biased Language
Your Research Project
Chapter 10 Blending Reference Material into Your Writing by Using MLA Style
10a Blending Reference Citations into Your Text
Making a General Reference without a Page Number
Beginning with the Author and Ending with a Page Number
Putting the Page Number Immediately after the Name
Putting the Name and Page Number at the End of Borrowed Material
10b Citing a Source When No Author Is Listed
Citing the Title of a Magazine Article
Citing the Title of a Report
Citing the Name of a Publisher or a Corporate Body
10c Citing Nonprint Sources That Have No Page Number
10d Citing Internet Sources
Identify the Source with Name or Title
Identify the Nature of the Information and Its Credibility
Omitting Page and Paragraph Numbers to Internet Citations
10e Citing Indirect Sources
10f Citing Frequent Page References to the Same Work
10g Citing Material from Textbooks and Large Anthologies
10h Adding Extra Information to Intext Citations
One of Several Volumes
Two or More Works by the Same Writer
Several Authors in One Citation
Additional Information with the Page Number
10i Punctuating Citations Properly and With Consistency
Commas and Periods
Semicolons and Colons
Question Marks and Exclamation Marks
Single Quotation Marks
10j Indenting Long Quotations
10k Citing Poetry
Quoting Two Lines of Poetry or Less
Quoting Three Lines of Poetry or More
Indenting Turnovers for Long Lines of Poetry
Retaining Internal Quotations within a Block
Providing Translations
10l Handling Quotations from a Play
10m Altering Initial Capitals in Some Quoted Matter
10n Omitting Quoted Matter with Ellipsis Points
10o Altering Quotations with Parentheses and Brackets
Your Research Project
Chapter 11 Writing the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion
11a Writing the Introduction of the Paper
Provide the Thesis Statement
Provide the Enthymeme
Provide a Hypothesis
Relate to the Well Known
Provide Background Information
Review the Literature
Review the History and Background of the Subject
Take Exception to Critical Views
Challenge an Assumption
Provide a Brief Summary
Define Key Terms
Supply Data, Statistics, and Special Evidence
11b Writing the Body of the Research Paper
Organize by Chronology
Compare or Contrast Issues, Critical Views, and Literary Characters
Develop Cause and Effect
Define Your Key Terminology
Explain a Process
Ask Questions and Provide Answers
Cite Evidence from the Source Materials
Use a Variety of Other Methods
11c Writing the Conclusion of the Research Paper
Restate the Thesis and Reach beyond It
Close With an Effective Quotation
Return the Focus of a Literary Study to the Author
Compare the Past to the Present
Offer a Directive or Solution
Discuss Test Results
Your Research Project
Chapter 12 Revising, Proofreading, and Formatting the Rough Draft
12a Conducting a Global Revision
Revising the Introduction
Revising the Body
Revising the Conclusion
Participating in Peer Review
12b Formatting the Paper to MLA Style
Title Page or Opening Page
Outline
Abstract
The Text of the Paper
Content Endnotes Page
Appendix
Works Cited
12c Editing Before Typing or Printing the Final Manuscript
Using the Computer to Edit Your Text
12d Proofreading on the Screen and on the Printed Manuscript
Your Research Project
12e Sample Research Papers in MLA Style
Short Literary Research Paper
Sample Research Paper
Chapter 13 Works Cited: MLA Style
13a Formatting the Works Cited Page
13b Bibliography Form - Internet Sources
13c Bibliography Form - Citing CDROM and Database Sources
13d Bibliography Form - Books
13e Bibliography Form - Periodicals
13f Bibliography Form - Newspapers
13g Bibliography Form - Government Documents
13h Bibliography Form - Other Sources
Chapter 14 Writing in APA Style
14a Writing Theory, Reporting Test Results, or Reviewing Literature
Theoretical Article
Report of an Empirical Study
Review Article
14b Writing in the Proper Tense for an APA Research Paper
14c Using Intext Citations in APA Style
14d Preparing the List of References
Book
Periodical
Abstract
Review
Report
Nonprint Material
Internet Sources
Web Sites
Article from a Library Database
CD-ROM
14e Formatting an APA Paper
Theoretical Article
Report of Empirical Research
Review Article
14f Writing the Abstract
14g Sample Paper in APA Style
Chapter 15 The Footnote System: CMS Style
15a Inserting a Superscript Numeral in Your Text
15b Formatting and Writing the Footnotes
15c Writing Footnotes for Electronic Sources
15d Writing Subsequent Footnote References
15e Writing Endnotes rather than Footnotes
15f Writing Content Footnotes or Content Endnotes
15g Using the Footnote System for Papers in the Humanities
15h Writing a Bibliography Page for a Paper That Uses Footnotes
15i Sample Research Paper in the CMS Style
Chapter 16 CSE Style for the Natural and Applied Sciences
16a Writing In-Text Citations Using the CSE Citation-Sequence System
16b Writing a Reference Page
16c Writing In-Text Citations with Name and Year
16d Using Name-Year with Bibliography Entries
16e Sample Paper Using the CSE Citation-Sequence System
Chapter 17 Creating Electronic Research Projects
17a Beginning the Electronic Project
17bBuildingElectronic Presentations
17c Research Paper Web Pages and Sites
Creating a Single Web Page
Creating a Web site with Multiple Pages
Using an Editor to Create Web Pages
Importing, Entering, and Modifying Text
Citing Your Sources in a Web Research Paper
17d Planning Electronic Research Papers
Creating a Plan for Your Research Paper
Designing Your Electronic Research Paper
17e Using Graphics in Your Electronic Research Paper
Graphic File Formats
Creating Your Own Digital Graphics
17f Using Sound and Video in Your Electronic Research Paper
17g Delivering Your Electronic Research Paper to Readers
17h Preparing a Writing Portfolio
17i Presenting Research in Alternative Formats
Your Research Project
Appendix A Glossary: Rules and Techniques for Preparing the Manuscript in MLA Style
Appendix B Finding Reference Works for Your General Topic
Credits
Index