In recent decades, as the question of academic freedom within Catholic higher education has received greater attention, models and interpretations of academic freedom have been proposed to help Catholic colleges and universities deal with the issue. James Annarelli contends, however, that present Catholic interpretations place unnecessary constraints on these institutions and are inadequate in many other ways. In his study he offers a critical analysis of both Catholic and secular modes of academic freedom and frames a set of criteria applicable to Catholic institutions, while advancing pertinent insights on the issue as a whole.