James S. Walker James Walker obtained his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Washington in 1978. He subsequently served as a post-doc at the University of Pennsylvania, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of California at San Diego before joining the physics faculty at Washington State University in 1983. Professor Walker's research interests include statistical mechanics, critical phenomena, and chaos. His many publications on the application of renormalization-group theory to systems ranging from absorbed monolayers to binary-fluid mixtures have appeared in Physical Review, Physical Review Letters, Physica, and a host of other publications. He has also participated in observations on the summit of Mauna Kea, looking for evidence of extra-solar planets.

Jim Walker likes to work with students at all levels, from judging elementary school science fairs to writing research papers

with graduate students, and has taught introductory physics for many years. His enjoyment of this course and his empathy for students have earned him a reputation as an innovative, enthusiastic, and effective teacher. Jim's educational publications include Reappearing Phases (Scientific American, May 1987) as well as articles in the American

Journal of Physics and The Physics Teacher. In recognition of his contributions to the teaching of physics, Jim was named Boeing Distinguished Professor of Science and Mathematics Education for 2001-2003.

When he is not writing, conducting research, teaching, or developing new classroom demonstrations and pedagogical materials, Jim enjoys amateur astronomy, bird watching, photography, juggling, unicycling, boogie boarding, and kayaking. Jim is also an avid jazz pianist and organist. He has served as ballpark organist for several Class A minor league baseball teams, including minor league affiliates of the Seattle Mariners and San Francisco Giants.

NOTE: All chapters conclude with a Chapter Summary, Problem-Solving Summary, Conceptual Questions, Conceptual Exercises, and Problems. (Chapter 1 does not include a Problem-Solving Summary.)

1 Introduction to Physics

1-1 Physics and the Laws of Nature

1-2 Units of Length, Mass, and Time

1-3 Dimensional Analysis

1-4 Significant Figures

1-5 Converting Units

1-6 Order-of-Magnitude Calculations

1-7 Scalars and Vectors

1-8 Problem Solving in Physics

2 One-Dimensional Kinematics

2-1 Position, Distance, and Displacement

2-2 Average Speed and Velocity

2-3 Instantaneous Velocity

2-4 Acceleration

2-5 Motion with Constant Acceleration

2-6 Applications of the Equations of Motion

2-7 Freely Falling Objects

3 Vectors in Physics

3-1 Scalars Versus Vectors

3-2 The Components of a Vector

3-3 Adding and Subtracting Vectors

3-4 Unit Vectors

3-5 Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors

3-6 Relative Motion

4 Two-Dimensional Kinematics

4-1 Motion in Two Dimensions

4-2 Projectile Motion: Basic Equations

4-3 Zero Launch Angle

4-4 General Launch Angle

4-5 Projective Motion: Key Characteristics

5 Newton's Laws of Motion

5-1 Force and Mass

5-2 Newton's First Law of Motion

5-3 Newton's Second Law of Motion

5-4 Newton's Third Law of Motion

5-5 The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces in Two Dimensions

5-6 Weight

5-7 Normal Forces

6 Applications of Newton's Laws

6-1 Frictional Forces

6-2 Strings and Springs

6-3 Translational Equilibrium

6-4 Connected Objects

6-5 Circular Motion

7 Work and Kinetic Energy

7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force

7-2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem

7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force

7-4 Power

8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

8-2 Potential Energy and the Work Done by Conservative Forces

8-3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy

8-4 Work Done by Nonconservative Forces

8-5 Potential Energy Curves and Equipotentials

9 Linear Momentum and Collisions

9-1 Linear Momentum

9-2 Momentum and Newton's Second Law

9-3 Impulse

9-4 Conservation of Linear Momentum

9-5 Inelastic Collisions

9-6 Elastic Collisions

9-7 Center of Mass

*9-8 Systems with Changing Mass: Rocket Propulsion

10 Rotational Kinematics and Energy

10-1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration

10-2 Rotational Kinematics

10-3 Connections Between Linear and Rotational Quantities

10-4 Rolling Motion

10-5 Rotational Kinetic Energy and the Moment of Inertia

10-6 Conservation of Energy

11 Rotational Dynamics and Static Equilibrium

11-1 Torque

11-2 Torque and Angular Acceleration

11-3 Zero Torque and Static Equilibrium

11-4 Center of Mass and Balance

11-5 Dynamic Applications of Torque

11-6 Angular Momentum

11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum

11-8 Rotational Work and Power

*11-9 The Vector Nature of Rotational Motion

12 Gravity

12-1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

12-2 Gravitational Attraction of Spherical Bodies

12-3 Kepler's Laws of Orbital Motion

12-4 Gravitational Potential Energy

12-5 Energy Conservation

*12-6 Tides

13 Oscillations About Equilibrium

13-1 Periodic Motion

13-2 Simple Harmonic Motion

13-3 Connections Between Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion

13-4 The Period of a Mass on a Spring

13-5 Energy Conservation in Oscillatory Motion

13-6 The Pendulum

13-7 Damped Oscillations

13-8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance

14 Waves and Sound

14-1 Types of Waves

14-2 Waves on a String

*14-3 Harmonic Wave Functions

14-4 Sound Waves

14-5 Sound Intensity

14-6 The Doppler Effect

14-7 Superposition and Interference

14-8 Standing Waves

14-9 Beats

15 Fluids

15-1 Density

15-2 Pressure

15-3 Static Equilibrium in Fluids: Pressure and Depth

15-4 Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy

15-5 Applications of Archimedes' Principle

15-6 Fluid Flow and Continuity

15-7 Bernoulli's Equation

15-8 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation

*15-9 Viscosity and Surface Tension

16 Temperature and Heat

16-1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

16-2 Temperature Scales

16-3 Thermal Expansion

16-4 Heat and Mechanical Work

16-5 Specific Heats

16-6 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

17 Phases and Phase Changes

17-1 Ideal Gases

17-2 Kinetic Theory

17-3 Solids and Elastic Deformation

17-4 Phase Equilibrium and Evaporation

17-5 Latent Heats

17-6 Phase Changes and Energy Conservation

18 The Laws of Thermodynamics

18-1 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

18-2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

18-3 Thermal Processes

18-4 Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant Pressure, Constant Volume

18-5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

18-6 Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle

18-7 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps

18-8 Entropy

18-9 Order, Disorder, and Entropy

18-10 The Third Law of Thermodynamics

19-1 Electric Charge

19-2 Insulators and Conductors

19-3 Coulomb's Law

19-4 The Electric Field

19-5 Electric Field Lines

19-6 Shielding and Charging by Induction

19-7 Electric Flux and Gauss's Law

20-1 Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential

20-2 Energy Conservation

20-3 The Electric Potential of Point Charges

20-4 Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field

20-5 Capacitors and Dielectrics

20-6 Electrical Energy Storage

21-1 Electric Current

21-2 Resistance and Ohm's Law

21-3 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits

21-4 Resistors in Series and Parallel

21-5 Kirchoff's Rules

21-6 Circuits Containing Capacitors

21-7 RC Circuits

*21-8 Anmeters and Voltmeters

21-1 The Magnetic Field

22-2 The Magnetic Force on Moving Charges

22-3 The Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field

22-4 The Magnetic Force Exerted on a Current-Carrying Wire

22-5 Loops of Current and Magnetic Torque

22-6 Electric Currents, Magnetic Fields, and Ampere's Law

22-7 Current Loops and Solenoids

22-8 Magnetism in Matter

23-1 Induced Electromotive Force

23-2 Magnetic Flux

23-3 Faraday's Law of Induction

23-4 Lenz's Law

23-5 Mechanical Work and Electrical Energy

23-6 Generators and Motors

23-7 Inductance

23-8 RL Circuits

23-9 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

23-10 Transformers

24-1 Alternating Voltages and Currents

24-2 Capacitors in AC Circuits

24-3 RC Circuits

24-4 Inductors in AC Circuits

24-5 RLC Circuits

24-6 Resonance in Electrical Circuits

25-1 The Production of Electromagnetic Waves

25-2 The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

25-3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

25-4 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves

25-5 Polarization

26-1 The Reflection of Light

26-2 Forming Images with a Plane Mirror

26-3 Spherical Mirrors

26-4 Ray Tracing and the Mirror Equation

26-5 The Refraction of Light

26-6 Ray Tracing for Lenses

26-7 The Thin-Lens Equation

26-8 Dispersion and the Rainbow

27-1 The Human Eye and the Camera

27-2 Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics

27-3 The Magnifying Glass

27-4 The Compound Microscope

27-5 Telescopes

27-6 Lens Aberrations

28-1 Superposition and Interference

28-2 Young's Two-Slit Experiment

28-3 Interference in Reflected Waves

28-4 Diffraction

28-5 Resolution

28-6 Diffraction Gratings

29-1 The Postulates of Special Relativity

29-2 The Relativity of Time and Time Dilation

29-3 The Relativity of Length and Length Contraction

29-4 The Relativistic Addition of Velocities

29-5 Relativistic Momentum

29-6 Relativistic Energy and E = mc2

29-7 The Relativistic Universe

29-8 General Relativity

30-1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck's Hypothesis of Quantized Energy

30-2 Photons and the Photoelectric Effect

30-3 The Mass and Momentum of a Photos

30-4 Photon Scattering and the Compton Effect

30-5 The de Broglie Hypothesis and Wave-Particle Duality

30-6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

30-7 Quantum Tunneling

31-1 Early Models of the Atom

31-2 The Spectrum of Atomic Hydrogen

31-3 Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

31-4 de Broglie Waves and the Bohr Model

31-5 The Quantum Mechanical Hydrogen Atom

31-6 Multielectron Atoms and the Periodic Table

31-7 Atomic Radiation

32-1 The Constituents and Structure of Nuclei

32-2 Radioactivity

32-3 Half-Life and Radioactive Dating

32-4 Nuclear Binding Energy

32-5 Nuclear Fission

32-6 Nuclear Fusion

32-7 Practical Applications of Nuclear Physics

32-8 Elementary Particles

32-9 Unified Forces and Cosmology

Appendix A: Basic Mathematical Tools

Appendix B: Typical Values

Appendix C: Planetary Data

Appendix D: Elements of Electrical Circuits

Appendix E: Periodic Table of the Elements

Appendix F: Properties of Selected Isotopes

Answers to Your Turn Problems

Answers to Odd-Numbered Conceptual Questions

Answers to Odd-Numbered Conceptual Exercises

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems