In his discussion of clowns in nineteenth-century French painting from Jean-Leon Gerome's 1857 La Sortie du bal masque to Georges Rouault, art historian Francis Haskell wondered why they are so sad. The myth of the sad clown as an allegory for the unappreciated artist found echoes in the work of literary counterparts like Charles Baudelaire and his Vieux saltimbanque who seeks in vain a responsive public. For some, the attraction of the acrobatic clown for the creative imagination may have been his ability to embody the plight of the artist: these artistes generally led an ambulatory and uncertain existence. Other artists and writers, however, particularly the Decadents, perceived in the circus acrobat - including the acrobatic clown - a conceptual and performative tool for liberating their points of view from the prison-house of aesthetic convention. If authors' protagonists were themselves sometimes failures, their aesthetic innovations often produced exhilarating artistic triumphs. Among the works examined in this study are the circus posters of Jules Cheret, Thomas Couture's Pierrot and Harlequin paintings, Honore Daumier's saltimbanque paintings, Edgar Degas's Miss Lala au Cirque Fernando, Edouard Manet's Un bar au Folies-Bergere, the pantomimes of the Hanlon-Lees troupe, and novels, short stories, and poems by Theodore de Banville, Edmond de Goncourt, J. K. Huysmans, Gustave Kahn, Jules Laforgue, Catulle Mendes, Octave Mirbeau, Jean Richepin, Edouard Rod, and Marcel Schwob.