In 1913, outraged by Matisse's painterly violations of the female body, students of the Art Institute of Chicago found him guilty of artistic murder and proceeded to burn in effigy three of his works, including the Blue Nude of 1907. Since that time, Matisse's paintings of women have remained a source of deep controversy, feminist critics finding them an assertion of virilty whilst others have fallen back on purely formalist defences of the artist's disinterested paint. In this work, John Elderfield, one of today's most highly regarded art historians and an expert on Matisse, traces the development of Matisse's feminine representations from the Carmelina of 1903-1904 through to the odalisques of the Nice period in the 1920s, offering a reinterpretation of some of the artist's best-known works. The author shows that Matisse was not, as his legend suggests, simply a painter of quintessentially male pleasures, but rather that he also used his female models as a means of self-analysis and identification. Eschewing reductive readings, Elderfield returns the images to their art historical sources and opens out the interpretative possibities of these enigmatic paintings.