This volume is intended as a guide to clinical psychopharmacology for nonmedical professional to help them diagnose symptoms, understand how medications work, gauge clients' response and analyze for reevaluation. This third edition reflects contemporary discoveries in the areas of neurobiology and mental illness and other information about specific treatment guidelines, with a special focus on how best to deal with difficult-to-treat patients. Contemporary developments covered include: over-the-counter treatments; expanded explanations of drug actions; theories on changes in cellular functioning and drug effects on receptors and on gene expression; and neurobiological research in the areas of neurobiology of depression, PTSD, bipolar disorders and ADD. Coverage of experimental treatments includes transcranial magnetic stimulation and vagus nerve implants.