PART I: DRY LABS D-1 Conversion Factors in Calculations A. Rounding Off B. Significant Figures in Calculations C. Conversion Factors for Length D. Conversion Factors for Volume E. Conversion Factors for Mass F. Converting Temperature D-2 Compounds and Their Formulas A. Electron-Dot Structures B. Ionic Compounds and Formulas C. Ionic Compounds with Transition Metals D. Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions E. Covalent (Molecular) Compounds D-3 Properties and Structures of Alkanes A. Color, Odor, and Physical State B. Solubility C. Combustion D. Structure of Alkanes E. Constitutional Isomers F. Cycloalkanes PART II: Wet Labs 1 Measurement and Significant Figures A. Measuring Length B. Measuring Volume C. Measuring Mass 2 Density and Specific Gravity A. Density of a Solid B. Density of a Liquid C. Specific Gravity 3 Atomic Structure and Electron Arrangement A. Physical Properties of Elements B. Period Table C. Subatomic Particles D. Isotopes E. Flame Tests F. Drawing Models of Atoms 4 Nuclear Radiation A. Background Count B. Radiation from Radioactive Sources C. Effect of Shielding, Time, and Distance 5 Chemical Reactions and Equations A. Magnesium and Oxygen B. Zinc and Copper (II) Sulfate C. Metals and HCl D. Reactions of Ionic Compounds E. Sodium Carbonate and HCl 6 Moles and Chemical Formulas A. Finding the Simplest Formula B. Formula of a Hydrate 7 Energy and States of Matter A. A Heating Curve for Water B. Energy in Changes of State C. Food Calories D. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 8 Gas Laws A. Boyle's Law B. Charles' Law 9 Partial Pressures of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide A. Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Air B, C. Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere and Expired Air 10 Solutions A. Polarity of Solutes and Solvents B. Electrolytes and Conductivity C. Solubility of KNO3 D. Concentration of a Sodium Chloride Solution 11 Testing for Cations and Anions A. Tests for Positive Ions (Cations) B. Tests for Negative Ions (Anions) C. Writing the Formulas of Your Unknown Salt 12 Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions A. Identification Tests B. Osmosis and Dialysis C. Filtration 13 Acids and Bases A. pH Color Using Red Cabbage Indicator B. Measuring pH C. Acetic Acid in Vinegar 14 Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones A. Structures of Alcohols and Phenol B. Properties of Alcohols and Phenol C. Oxidation of Alcohols D. Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones E. Iodoform Test for Methyl Ketones F. Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones 15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters A. Carboxylic Acids and Their Salts B. Esters C. Basic Hydrolysis of Esters 16 Carbohydrates A. Monosaccharides B. Disaccharides C. Polysaccharides D. Benedict's Test for Reducing Sugars E. Seliwanoff's Test for Ketoses F. Fermentation Test G. Iodine Test for Polysaccharides H. Hydrolysis of Disaccharides and Polysaccharides 17 Lipids A. Triacylglycerols B. Physical Properties of Lipids and Fatty Acids C. Bromine Test for Unsaturation D. Preparation of Hand Lotion 18 Saponification and Soaps A. Saponification A. Saponification: Preparation of Soap B. Properties of Soap and Detergents 19 Amines and Amides A. Solubility of Amines in Water B. Neutralization of Amines with Acids C. Amino Acids D. Chromatography of Amino Acids 20 Peptides and Proteins A. Peptide Bonds B. Structure of Proteins C. Denaturation of Proteins D. Isolation of Casein (Milk Protein) E. Color Tests for Proteins 21 Enzymes A. Effect of Enzyme Concentration B. Effect of Temperature C. Effect of pH D. Inhibition of Enzyme Activity 22 DNA Components and Extraction A. Components of DNA B. Extraction of DNA Appendix: Materials and Solutions Standard Laboratory Materials Additional Materials Needed for Individual Experiments Preparation of Solutions Used in the Laboratory