1. Theoretical Considerations.- I. Introduction.- II. Philosophical Issues and World Views.- A. Rationalist Philosophers of Science: Kuhn, Lakatos, and Lauden.- B. Three Research Traditions in Developmental Psychology.- C. An Alternate Perspective: Philosophical Realism.- III. General Theoretical Issues.- A. The Nature-Nurture Problem.- B. Continuity.- C. Plasticity, Sensitive Periods, and the Intensity of Environmental Stimulation.- IV. Evolutionary Theory and the Theoretical Traditions of Social Development.- A. Ethological Theory.- B. Contemporary Evolutionary Theory.- C. Evolutionary Biology and Social Learning Theory.- D. Evolutionary Biology and Cognitive-Developmental Theory.- V. Theoretical Fragmentation or Integration?.- 2. Temperament and Personality Development.- I. Theories of Temperament.- A. The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS).- B. The Theory of Rothbart and Derryberry.- C. The Theory of Buss and Plomin.- D. The Theory of Goldsmith and Campos.- E. Integration of Theories.- II. Self-Regulation as Sensitivity to Rewards, with an Emphasis on the Positive Social Reward System: Evidence for a Third Personality Dimension.- III. Biological and Environmental Influences on Temperament.- A. Behavioral Genetic Research.- B. Proximal Biological Correlates of Emotionality and Sensation Seeking.- C. Cross-Cultural Research and the Effects of Powerful Early Environments.- D. Temperament and Adaptation.- IV. The Stability of Temperament.- V. Appendix.- A. A More Detailed Theory.- B. Arousal and Reward.- C. Implications for Learning Processes.- D. Predictions Resulting from the Theory.- E. Conclusion.- 3. The Development of the Emotions.- I. Theories of Emotional Development.- A. The Theory of Carrol Izard.- B. The Theory of L. Alan Sroufe.- C. The Theory of Campos and Barrett.- D. The Theory of Jerome Kagan.- E. The Theory of Lewis and His Colleagues.- F. Summary of Theoretical Positions.- II. Parent-Child Interaction as an Example of Emotional Processes in Development.- A. The Emotional Content of Parent-Child Interaction.- B. A Theory of Affect Regulation in the Context of Parent-Child Interaction.- C. The Socialization of Emotions in Parent-Child Physical Play.- III. The Development of the Emotions.- A. Emotions in Infancy.- B. Emotions in Childhood and Adolescence: The Importance of Cognitions and Resources.- 4. Social and Biological Events in Infancy and Their Relevance for Later Behavior.- I. Attachment in Evolutionary Perspective.- A. The Ethological Theory of Attachment.- B. Attachment as an Environment-Expectant Genetic System versus Attachment as a Trait.- C. Issues in the Predictive Validity of Attachment.- D. Attachment as a Developmental Task.- II. Aberrations in Attachment and Later Behavior.- A. Animal Studies.- B. Human Studies of Orphanage Rearing and Adoption.- C. Conclusion.- 5. Parent-Child Relationships and the Transmission of Culture.- I. Global Parenting Styles.- A. Dimensions of Parenting and Their Correlates.- B. Bidirectional Processes and Nonshared Environmental Effects.- II. The Family and the Socialization of Children in Evolutionary and Historical Perspective.- A. Centripetal Tendencies within Families and the Context of Development.- B. Familial Affective Relationships in Cross-Cultural Context.- C. Familial Affective Relations in Evolutionary Perspective.- D. Implications for Developmental Mechanisms.- E. The Family and Adaptation in Contemporary Society.- III. Centrifugal Tendencies within Families and Their Effects on Children.- A. Adaptation in Contemporary Societies.- B. Divorce in a Sociobiological Context.- IV. Affective Relationships within the Family and the Transmission of Culture.- V. General Effects of Decrements in Parental Investment and an Evolutionary Analysis of Parental Control.- A. Effects of Decreases in Parental Investment.- B. Parental Control as an Aspect of Parental Investment.- VI. Appendix.- A. Social Structure and Child Rearing among the Gusii in Evolutionary Perspective.- B. Social Structure and Child Rearing among the !Kung in Evolutionary Perspective.- 6. Topics in the Development of Aggression, Peer Relations, and Sex Differences.- I. Issues in the Development of Aggression.- A. An Evolutionary Perspective on the Development of Aggression.- B. Environment-Expectant Affective Systems and the Development of Aggression.- C. Temperament and Aggression.- D. Conclusion.- II. Issues in the Development of Peer Relations.- A. Introduction.- B. Friendship as Reciprocity.- C. How Young Children Get What They Want.- D. Affective Reciprocity in Friendship.- E. The Similarity of Friends in Evolutionary Perspective.- F. Social Status Differences among Peers.- III. Sex Differences in Development.- A. Evolutionary Theory and Sex Differences.- B. Predictions from Evolutionary Theory and Their Rationale.- C. Proximal Mechanisms in the Development of Sex Differences.- 7. Moral and Altruistic Development I: The Roles of Cognition and Context.- I. The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Moral Reasoning.- A. Piaget on Moral Development.- B. Kohlberg on Moral Development.- C. A Sociobiological Perspective.- II. Rest's Component Model of Moral behavior.- III. A Review of the Literature on Moral Reasoning from the Perspective of Sociobiological Theory.- A. The Importance of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Moral Reasoning.- B. Moral Reasoning as Justification of Self-Interest.- C. The Link between Moral Reasoning and Moral behavior.- D. Cross-Cultural Data: The Primacy of Self-Interest, Reciprocity, and Social Relationships.- IV. Research on Norms Related to Altruism and Morality.- V. Reasoning about Altruistic Events.- VI. Summary and Conclusion.- 8. Moral and Altruistic Development II: The Importance of Socialization and Affect.- I. Descriptive Studies of Emotions and Their Role in Motivating Altruism.- II. Three Sociobiological Hypotheses.- A. Sociobiological Hypothesis 1.- B. Sociobiological Hypothesis 2.- C. Sociobiological Hypothesis 3.- III. Conclusion.- A. Integration of the Socialization-Affective and the Cognitive-Developmental Approaches to Morality and Prosocial behavior.- B. An Evolutionary Analysis of Guilt and Moral Rectitude.- C. The Proximal Mechanisms Underlying Self-Interest.- 9. Development in a Wider Context: Evolutionary Considerations.- I. Evolution and Ideology.- A. More on Economic Production and Social Controls as Contextual Variables.- B. Production, Social Controls, and Ideology.- C. Resource Availability as a Contextual Variable: Theory.- D. Evolutionary Models of Cultural Variation.- II. Socialization beyond the Family and Peer Systems.- A. The Case of the Soviet Union.- B. The Case of Nazi Germany.- C. The Case of Ancient Sparta.- D. Contextual Influences on Development in a Contemporary Liberal Democracy.- III. Resource Availability as a Contextual Variable: Empirical Data.- IV. Conclusion and Integration.- References.
