Brief Contents
Part I The Teaching Profession
Chapter 1 Status of the Profession
Chapter 2 Development of the Profession
Part IIPhilosophy and Its Impact on the Schools
Chapter 3 The Major Philosophies
Chapter 4 The Impact of Educational Theories on Educational Practice
Part III Historical Foundations of Education
Chapter 5 American Education: European Heritage and Colonial Experience
Chapter 6 American Education: From Revolution to the Twentieth Century
Chapter 7 Modern American Education: From the Progressive Movement to the Present
Part IV Schooling In A Diverse and Multicultural Society
Chapter 8 The Social and Cultural Contexts of Schooling: Their Influence and Consequence
Chapter 9 Responding to Diversity
Chapter 10 Students at Risk and At-Risk Behaviors
Part VLegal and Political Control and Financial Support
Chapter 11 Legal Framework for the Public Schools
Chapter 12 Teachers, Students, and the Law
Chapter 13 Governance and Financing of Elementary and Secondary Schools
Part VI Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment in Effective Schools
Chapter 14 Curriculum and Instruction
Chapter 15 Standards and Assessment
Contents
PART I
The Teaching Profession
Chapter 1* Status of the Profession
The Teacher and Teaching: Definitions
Profile of the Teaching Profession
Why Become a Teacher?
ASK YOURSELF: Do I Want to Be a Teacher?
Satisfactions and Dissatisfactions with Teaching
Teacher Preparation
Baccalaureate Teacher Education Programs
HISTORICAL NOTE: The Columbian School: The First Formal Teacher Training Institution
Alternative Teacher Preparation Programs
VIDEO INSIGHT: Teacher Shortage: Alternative Certification
Minority Representation in the Teaching Force
Teacher Certification
Assessment for Initial Certification and Licensure
Emergency Certification
Recertification
Reciprocity and Interstate Certification
National Certification: The NBPTS
Teacher Supply and Demand
Salary and Other Compensation
Salary Schedules
Performance-Based Pay Plans and Knowledge and Skills
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: Value-Added Pay
Compensation for Supplemental Activities
Salaries for Administrative and Support Personnel
Indirect Compensation: Employee Benefits and Services
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Chapter 2* Development of the Profession
Teaching as a Profession
Requirements of a Profession
Specialized Knowledge and Preparation
Provision of Essential Services to Society
The Exercise of Discretion
Autonomy and Freedom from Direct Supervision
Code of Professional Standards
Professional Codes of Ethics
ASK YOURSELF: Does Teaching Qualify as a Profession?
The Increased Professionalization of Teaching
Development of Professional Standards
Professional Development
Career Advancement
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: Teacher Tenure
HISTORICAL NOTE: Apprentice Contract for a Schoolmaster, 1722
Evaluating Teacher Performance
Teachers' Organizations
National Organizations for Teachers
Local Organizations for Teachers and Collective Negotiations
Specialized Organizations for Teachers Teachers Organizations and Public Policy Issues
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
PART II
Philosophy and Its Impact on the Schools
Chapter 3* The Major Philosophies
What Is Philosophy?
Branches of Philosophy0
Metaphysics: What Is the Nature of Reality?
Epistemology: What Is the Nature of Knowledge?
Axiology: What Is the Nature of Values?
Traditional Philosophies and Their Educational Implications
Idealism
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES: Should Moral Education, Character Education or Values Education Be a Responsibility of the School?
ASK YOURSELF: What Is My Philosophy of Life?
HISTORICAL NOTE: Plato's Academy
Realism
Neo-Thomism
Contemporary Philosophies and Their Educational Implications
Pragmatism
Existentialism
Analytic Philosophy
Major Eastern Philosophies
Hinduism
Budism
Confucinism
Taoism
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Chapter 4* The Impact of Educational Theories on Educational Practice
Theories of Education
Perennialism
Purpose of Schooling
Nature of the Learner
Curriculum
Instructional Methods
Classroom Management
Assessment
The Perennialist Teacher
Leading Educational Proponents
Progressivism
Purpose of Schooling
Nature of the Learner
Curriculum Instructional Methods
Classroom Management
Assessment
The Progressivist Teacher
Leading Educational Proponents
HISTORICAL NOTE: Thomas Dewey
Behaviorism
Purpose of Schooling
Nature of the Learner
Curriculum
Instructional Methods
Classroom Management
Assessment
The Behaviorist Teacher
Leading Educational Proponents
Essentialism
Purpose of Schooling
Nature of the Learner
Curriculum
Instructional Methods
Classroom Management
Assessment
The Essentialist Teacher
Leading Educational Proponents
Social Reconstructionism
Purpose of Schooling
Nature of the Learner
Curriculum
Instructional Methods
Classroom Management
Assessment
The Social Reconstructionist Teacher
Leading Educational Proponents
Postmodernism
Purpose of Schooling
Nature of the Learner
Curriculum
Instructional Methods
Classroom Management
Assessment
The Postmodernist Teacher
Leading Educational Proponents
Identifying Your Philosophy of Education
ASK YOURSELF: What Is My Philosophy of Education?
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
PART III
Historical Foundations of Education
Chapter 5* American Education: European Heritage and Colonial Experience
Education in Ancient Societies
Education in Ancient Non-Western Societies
Education in Ancient Western Societies
CONTROVERSIAL issue: Homeschooling
Education in the Middle Ages
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
The Medieval Universities
Influence of Arab Scholars
HISTORICAL NOTE: Life of the Medieval University Student
Education During the Renaissance
Education During the Reformation
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
John Calvin (1509-1564)
Vernacular Schools
Later European Educational Thought
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1670)
John Locke (1632-1704)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Johann Pestalozzi (1746-1827)
Johann Herbart (1776-1841)
Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852)
Education in the New Old World Before Jamestown
Native American Education
Education in Colonial America
Education in the New England Colonies
Education in the Mid-Atlantic Colonies
New York
Education in the Southern Colonies
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Chapter 6* American Education: From Revolution to the Twentieth Century
Education in the Early National Period
Northwest Land Ordinances Nationalism and Education
Educational Innovations
The Growth of the Academy
The Common School Movement
Moving Forces
Leading Proponents of the Common School
Growth of State and Local Support and Supervision
Organization and Curriculum
Secondary School Movement
Slow Beginnings
The Movement Grows as Industry and the Economy Grow
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: Single-Sex Schools and Classes
Tax Support and Compulsory Attendance Laws Further Secondary Education and Literacy
The Committee of Ten
The Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
The Junior High School
Developments in Higher Education
The Dartmouth College Case
The Morrill Acts and the Establishment of Land-Grant Institutions
Higher Education for Women
The Emergence of the Modern University
Founding of Junior Colleges
Education of Minorities
Education of Native Americans
Education of Hispanic Americans
Education of Asian Americans
Education of Black Americans
HISTORICAL NOTE: Zeal for Learning Among Freedmen, 1868
Teacher Education
Establishment of Normal Schools
Teacher Institutes
Normal School Curriculum and Standards Strengthened
Universities Enter Teacher Training
Summary
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Chapter 7* Modern American Education: From the Progressive Movement to the Present
The Twentieth Century Unfolds
The People and the Nation Grow
Economic Growth
Politics and Reform
Changes in Education
Progressivism in Education
The Beginnings of Progressive Education
John Dewey
Ella Flagg Young
Progressive Education Association
Influence of the Progressive Movement on Higher Education
The Child Study Movement
The Measurement Movement
Education During the Great Depression
George S. Counts and Social Reconstructionism
William C. Bagley and the Essentialists
The Influence of the Second World War
The Postwar Years
The Critics and the Decline of Progressive Education
The Montessori Movement
HISTORICAL NOTE: Maria Montessori
From Sputnik to the New Federalism
Curriculum Reforms
Education and the War on Poverty
The Civil Rights Movement
The 1970s: Retreat and Retrenchment
The 1980s: Renewed Conservatism and Reform
The 1990s: National Goals, National Standards, and Choice
School Choice
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: Charter Schools
The End of a Presidency, the End of a Century
A New Century Begins
No Child Left Behind
VIDEO INSIGHT: No Child Left Behind
The Obama Administration: Increased Federal Involvement
Summary
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
PART IV
Schooling in a Diverse and Multicultural Society
Chapter 8* The Social and Cultural Contexts of Schooling: Their Influence and Consequence
The Relationship Between School and Society
Agents of Socialization
The School
The Family
The Peer Group
Religion
The Mass Media
The Purposes and Expectations of Schooling
Functionalist Perspective
Conflict Theory Perspective
Interactionist Perspective
The Diverse Student Population
Social Class
HISTORICAL NOTE: The Evolving Concept of Social Class
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: Standardized Testing
Hispanic Americans
African Americans
VIDEO INSIGHT: Acting White
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
Native Americans (American Indians and Alaska Natives)
The Racial and Ethnic Achievement Gap
The Racial and Ethnic Attainment Gap
The Gender Gap in Reverse
Students With Exceptionalities
Language Diversity
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Chapter 9* Responding to Diversity
Diversity and Culture
Cultural Influences on Teaching, Learning, and Behavior
Culturally Responsive Teaching
Strategies for Teaching Culturally Diverse Students
Multicultural Education
Approaches to Multicultural Education
Supporting English Language Learners
VIDEO INSIGHT: Controversy over Bilingual Education
Services to Immigrant Children and Youth
HISTORICAL NOTE: Tape v. Hurley: The Chinese Struggle for Education
Compensatory Education for Disadvantaged Students
Creating Equal Educational Opportunities for Students with Disabilities
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
The Inclusion Debate
Promoting Gender Equity
ASK YOURSELF: Inclusion Checklist
Goals of Gender Equity
Strategies for Achieving Gender Equity
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Chapter 10* Students At Risk and At-Risk Behaviors
At-Risk Children and Youth
Risk, Resiliency, and Protective Factors
Tobacco, Drug, and Alcohol Use and Abuse
The Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Identifying Alcohol and Drug Use
Prevention and Intervention Strategies
Adolescent Suicide
Risk Factors for Youth Suicide
Warning Signs of Youth Suicide
Prevention and Intervention Strategies
Dropping Out of School
Identifying the Potential Dropout
Prevention and Intervention Strategies
Teen Pregnancy
Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy
Prevention and Intervention Strategies
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: Sex Education in the Public Schools
HISTORICAL NOTE: Three HIV-Positive Brothers Barred from School
Child Hood Obesity
Consequences of Childhood Obesity
Prevention and Intervention Strategies: The Role of the School
Child Maltreatment
Child Neglect
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Emotional Abuse
Identifying Child Abuse and Neglect
Prevention and Intervention Strategies
School Violence
Bullying
VIDEO INSIGHT: The In Crowd and Social Cruelty
Prevention and Intervention Strategies
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth
Improving the School Climate
Summary
Professional Development Workshop 260
PART V
Legal and Political Control and Financial Support
Chapter 11* Legal Framework for the Public Schools
Federal Constitutional Provisions Affecting Education
First Amendment
Fourth Amendment
Eighth Amendment
Tenth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
State Constitutional Provisions Affecting Education
Statutory Law
Federal Statutes
State Statutes
Case Law
Administrative Rules and Regulations
School Board Policies
Powers and Organization of the Courts
The Federal Court System
The State Court Systems
HISTORICAL NOTE: Sandra Day O'Conner: Breaking the Glass Ceiling on the U.S. Supreme Court
Student and Teacher First Amendment Rights: Religion
Prayer and Bible Reading
Religious Expression
VIDEO INSIGHT: Standing Alone
Religious Access to School Buildings
Challenges to the Curriculum
Public Aid to Private Schools
ASK YOURSELF: How Tall Is the Wall?
Vouchers
Tax Credits and Deductions
Compulsory Attendance
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Chapter 12* Teachers, Students, and the Law
Teacher Rights and Responsibilities
Terms and Conditions of Employment
HISTORICAL NOTE: Duties of a Colonial Schoolmaster
Teacher Dismissal
Constitutional Rights of Teachers
Teacher Rights: Freedom from Employment Discrimination and Sexual Harassment
Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action
Legal Responsibilities of Teachers
Tort Liability of School District Employees
Student Rights and Responsibilities
Student Discipline
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: Service Learning
VIDEO INSIGHT: Action, Reaction, and Zero Tolerance: How Far Is Too Far?
Search and Seizure
Freedom of Expression
Sexual Harassment of Students
Student Records and Privacy
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Chapter 13* Governance and Financing of Elementary and Secondary Schools
The Context of the Public Schools
Organization for Education
Education at the Local Level
Education at the State Level
The Federal Government and Public Education
Financing of Education
Public Policy Goals in State School Finance
State School Finance Programs
Sources of Revenue for Schools
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: Tuition Tax Credits
ASK YOURSELF: What Limits Should Be Placed on Commercialism in Schools?
The Courts and School Finance
HISTORICAL NOTE: Serrano v. Priest: The School Finance Reform Movement Begins
Federal Aid for Elementary and Secondary Schools
Private Education
Private School Enrollments
Homeschooling
VIDEO INSIGHT: Vouchers
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
PART VI
Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment in Effective Schools
Chapter 14* Curriculum and Instruction
Forces Influencing the Curriculum
National Curriculum Standards
Textbooks
Mandated Assessments
State Governments
Teachers
Local School Boards
Parent and Community Groups
The Federal Government
Patterns of Curriculum Design
The Subject-Area Curriculum Design
The Integrated Curriculum Design
The Core Curriculum Design
The Student-Centered Curriculum Design
The Constructivism Curriculum Design
Curriculum Contrasts
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: The Subject-Centered and Student-Centered Curricula
The Hidden and Null Curricula
The Curriculum Cycle
Instructional Goals and Objectives
Educational Objectives
Taxonomies of Educational Objectives
Models of Instruction
The Information Processing Family of Models
ASK YOURSELF: Are You a Critical Thinker?
The Social Family of Models
The Personal Family of Models
The Behavioral Systems Family of Models
Relationship Between Teaching and Learning
HISTORICAL NOTE: Polingaysi Qoeyawayma
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Chapter 15* Standards and Assessment
Standards
Curriculum Standards
Performance Standards
Opportunity to Learn Standards
Assessment
Purposes of Assessment
VIDEO INSIGHT: The Test
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE: State and Federal Mandated Assessments
Standardized Assessment
Classroom Assessment
Criteria for Quality Assessment
Absence of Bias
Reliability
Validity
Standards-Based Education and Assessment
Summary
Professional Development Workshop
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index
