Preface. Photograph of the participants. Organizing and scientific committee and editors. List of contributors. Introduction. Part I: Introduction to carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes. Vapor-grown carbon fiber research and applications: achievements and barriers; G.G. Tibbetts. Electronic properties of carbon nanotubes and applications; M.S. Dresselhaus. From vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCFs) to carbon nanotubes; M. Endo, et al. Part II: Production of vapor grown carbon fibers and nanotubes. Nucleation and growth of carbon filaments and vapor-grown carbon fibers; G.G. Tibbetts. Carbon nanotubes formation in the arc discharge process; A. Fonseca, J.B. Nagy. Catalytic production, purification, characterization and application of single- and multiwall carbon nanotubes; Z. Konya. Optimizing growth conditions for carbon filaments and vapor-grown carbon fibers; J.L. Figueiredo, Ph. Serp. Gasification and surface modification of vapor-grown carbon fibers; J.L. Figueiredo, Ph. Serp. Growth of nanotubes: the combined TEM and phase-diagram approach; A. Loiseau, F. Willaime. First-principles theoretical modeling of nanotube growth; J.-Ch. Charlier, et al. Controlled production of tubular carbon and BCN architecture; M. Terrones. Large-scale production of VGCF; M.L. Lake. Part III: Characterization and applications. Diffraction by molecular helices - The range of morphologies of sp2 carbon and the basic theory of diffraction by an atomic helix; A.A. Lucas, et al. Diffraction by molecular helices - Transmission electron microscopy and diffraction by nanotubes and other helical nanostructures; A.A. Lucas, et al. STM investigation of carbon nanotubes; L.P. Biro, G.I.Mark. Interpretation of the STM images of carbon nanotubes; Ph. Lambin, V. Meunier. Mechanical properties of vapor grown carbon fibres and VGCF-thermoplastic composites; F.W.J. Van Hattum, et al. Atomic force microscopy investigation of carbon nanotubes; L.P. Biro. Structural and electronic properties of carbon nanotube junctions; Ph. Lambin, V. Meunier. Applications of submicron diameter carbon filaments; D.D.L. Chung. The role of rheology in the processing of vapor grown carbon fiber/thermoplastic composites; C.A. Bernardo, et al. Tensile, electrical and thermal properties of vapor grown carbon fibers composites; C.A. Bernardo, et al. Properties and applications of carbon nanotubes &endash; Materials Science Aspects; P.J. Ajayan, R. Vajtai. Novel applications of VGCF including hydrogen storage; M.L. Lake. Roundtable discussions. Subject Index.