Preface
Part I: Introduction and History
1 Introduction to Motivation and Emotion
Meaning of Motivation
To be Moved into Action
Knowledge, Competence, and Motivation
Determinism versus Free Will and Free Act
Section Recap
Sources of Motivation
Internal Sources
Linking Biological and Psychological Variables
External Sources
The Past as a Source of Motivation
Combined Internal and External Sources Motivate Behavior
Motivation Sequence
Emotions
Section Recap
Study of Motivation and Emotion
Research in Motivation
Research in Emotion
Sources and Scope of Motivation
Section Recap
Activities
2 The History of Motivation and Emotion
Brief History of Motivation
Aristotle’s Theory
Hedonism
Evolution and Motivation
Unconscious Motivation
Internal Sources of Motivation
Commonality among Instincts, Drives, and Needs
External Sources of Motivation
External and Internal Sources Induce Behavior
Section Recap
Brief History of Emotion
Emotion as Subjective Feeling
Basic Emotions
Emotion as Motive for Action and Thought
Accompaniments of Emotion
Section Recap
Activities
Part II: Biological Properties of Motivation
3 Evolutionary Antecedents of Motivation
Evolution of Universal Motives
Evolutionary History and Personal History
Evolutionary Psychology
Section Recap
Universal Motives of Sex, Fear, Food, and Music
Selecting a Mate
Maintaining Relationships
Biosocial Theory
Fear as a Universal Motive
Liking and Preferences for Foods
Universal Appeal of Music
Section Recap
Activities
4 Addictions and Addictive Behaviors
Drugs of Abuse and Addiction
Psychoactive Drugs
Extent of Drug Use
Characteristics of Addiction
Initiation into Drug Use
Section Recap
Theories of Drug Addiction
Discovery of Pleasure Centers in the Brain
Pleasure Emerges from the Brain
Psychological Theories
Conditioning Theories
Events That Lead to Drug Relapse
Drug-Use Reinforcement
Cognition and Addiction
Section Recap
Behavioral Addictions
Exercise Addiction and Drug Addiction
Endorphins and Exercise-Induced Euphoria
Gambling Addiction
Section Recap
Activities
5 Homeostasis: Temperature, Thirst, Hunger, and Eating
Internal Factors of Body Regulation
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback System
Effects of Deviation from Set Point
Thermoregulation
Thirst and Drinking
The Body’s Energy Requirements
Short- and Long-Term Energy Regulation
Hunger Sensations
Feedback Mechanisms for Satiety
Section Recap
Food Characteristics and Eating
Cephalic Responses
Palatability and Amount of Food
Sensory-Specific Satiety
Food Preferences
Section Recap
Person Characteristics and Eating
Boundary Model of Eating
Cognitive Release of Diet Restraint
Stress-Induced Eating
Hunger Boundary
Section Recap
Activities
6 Behavior, Arousal and Affective Valence
Arousal and Performance
An Analogy for Arousal
Categories of Arousal
Sources of Arousal
Arousal and Behavior
Section Recap
Theories about the Performance-Arousal Relationship
Hull-Spence Drive Theory
Cusp Catastrophe Model
Cue Utilization Hypothesis
Processing Efficiency Theory
Section Recap
Arousal and Affective Valence
Variation in Affective Valence
Stimulus Complexity and Affective Valence
Incongruity Resolution in Music, Humor and Suspense
Music
Incongruity Resolution and Humor
Resolution of Suspense
Section Recap
Activities
7 Stress, Coping, and Health
Relationship between Life Events and Stress
Demands, Strain, Coping, and Stress
Characteristics of Stress
Characteristics of Stressors
Stressor-Stress Relationship
Section Recap
Bodily Effects of Stress
Physiological Effects of Stressors
Stressors and Psychophysiological Disorders
Stressors and the Immune System
Section Recap
Variables Moderating the Impact of Life Events
Appraisal of Life Events
Coping and Behavior
Social Support as a Moderator
Personality Differences as Moderator Variables
Section Recap
Activities
Part III: Psychological Properties of Motivation
8 Drives, Needs, and Awareness
Drives and Needs as Internal Sources of Motivation
Interaction of Push and Pull Motivation
Physiological Needs and Psychological Drives
Characteristics of Psychological Needs
Maslow’s Theory of Needs
Section Recap
Some Important Psychological Needs
Achievement Motivation
Factors that Affect Achievement Motivation
An Achievement Goal Framework
Need for Power
Need for Cognition
Self-Esteem, Relatedness, Autonomy, and Competence
Need for Affiliation and Intimacy
Self-Determination Theory
Section Recap
Motivation without Awareness
Reflexology
Auto-Motive Hypothesis
Section Recap
Activities
9 Personality and Self in Motivation
Personality Associated with Motivation
Temperament, Personality, and Behavior
Personality Traits as Categories or Causes of Behavior
Personality Traits for Motivation
Biological Reality of Traits
Section Recap
Personality Traits Affect Motivation
Personality and Environment
Effects of Extraversion on Motivation
Effects of Neuroticism on Motivation
Effects of Conscientiousness on Motivation
Effects of Agreeableness on Motivation
Effects of Multiple Traits on Motivation
Happiness and the Big Five Personality Traits
Effects of Sensation Seeking on Motivation
Section Recap
Self as a Motivational System
Self-Concept
Self-Esteem
Section Recap
Activities
Part IV: External Sources of Motivation
10 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation and Incentive Value
Reinforcers and Punishers versus Incentives
Objective and Subjective Incentive Value
Incentives as Losses and Gains
Section Recap
Factors That Affect Incentive Value
Amount
Choice between Simultaneous Reinforcers
Contrast Effects
Temporal Motivation Theory
Section Recap
Intrinsic Motivation
Differences between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
Purpose of Intrinsically Motivated Behavior
Interaction between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivational Orientations
Section Recap
Activities
11 Goal Motivation
Origins of Goals
Incentives versus Goals
Sources of Goals
Section Recap
Goal Characteristics and Expectations
Characteristics of Goals
Expected Utility Theory
Framing
Prospect Theory
Section Recap
Goal Commitment and Goal Achievement
Committing to a Goal
Achievement Behaviors
Goal Achievement and Goal Failure
Section Recap
Activities
12 Economics of Motivation
Motivation Costs and Resources
Cost of Motivated Behavior
Motivation Resources
Section Recap
Spending Motivation Resources
Demand Law
Elasticity
Elasticity and the Substitution Effect
Section Recap
Motivation Toward Least Effort
Early Views on Effort and Motivation
Choices Based on Least Effort
Behavior and Thought Based on Least Effort
Section Recap
Activities
Part V: The Emotions
13 Emotions and Moods
Characteristics and Categories of Emotions
What Is an Emotion?
Methods for Uncovering Basic Emotions
Characteristics of Affect
Intensity and Duration of Emotions
Section Recap
The Function of Arousal
Arousal and Physiological Variables
James-Lange Theory
Cognitive Arousal Theory
Cannon’s Theory of Arousal
Section Recap
Moods
Differences between Moods and Emotions
Time of Day, Day of Week
Seasonal Variation
Section Recap
Activities
14 Emotions as Motives
Appraisal of the Emotion Event
Event-Appraisal-Emotion Sequence
Characteristics of the Emotion Situation
Processing of Emotion Stimuli
Amygdala and Emotion-Event Processing
Section Recap
Emotions Motivate Facial Expressions
Brain, Facial Muscles and Expression
Expression-Feeling Link
Innateness of Facial Expression of Emotion
Function of Facial Expression
Section Recap
The Motivating Function of Emotions
Emotion as Motives for Behavior
Section Recap
Motivational Nature of Positive Emotions
Aim of Positive Emotions
Subjective Well-Being
Section Recap
Activities
References
Index