Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
About the companion website xiii
Part 1 Single species populations 1
1 Density independent growth 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Fundamentals of population growth 8
1.3 Types of models 10
1.4 Density independent versus density dependent growth 12
1.5 Discrete or geometric growth in populations with non-overlapping generations 12
1.6 Exponential growth in populations with overlapping generations 16
1.7 Examples of exponential growth 18
1.8 Applications to human populations 19
1.9 The finite rate of increase ( ) and the intrinsic rate of increase ( ) 23
1.10 Stochastic models of population growth and population viability analysis 25
1.11 Conclusions 30
References 30
2 Density dependent growth and intraspecific competition 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Density dependence in populations with discrete generations 37
2.3 Density dependence in populations with overlapping generations 42
2.4 Nonlinear density dependence of birth and death rates and the Allee effect 46
2.5 Time lags and limit cycles 51
2.6 Chaos and behavior of the discrete logistic model 53
2.7 Adding stochasticity to density dependent models 54
2.8 Laboratory and field data 55
2.9 Behavioral aspects of intraspecific competition 60
2.10 Summary 64
References 64
3 Population regulation 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 What is population regulation? 70
3.3 Combining density-dependent and density-independent factors 71
3.4 Tests of density dependence 73
3.5 Summary 77
References 78
4 Populations with age structures 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Survivorship 83
4.3 Fertility 90
4.4 Mortality curves 94
4.5 Expectation of life 96
4.6 Net reproductive rate, generation time, and the intrinsic rate of increase 97
4.7 Age structure and the stable age distribution 99
4.8 Projecting population growth in age-structured populations 99
4.9 The Leslie or population projection matrix 102
4.10 A second version of the Leslie matrix 103
4.11 The Lefkovitch modification of the Leslie matrix 104
4.12 Dominant latent roots and the characteristic equation 105
4.13 Reproductive value 107
4.14 Conclusions: sensitivity analysis 109
References 112
5 Metapopulation ecology 115
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Metapopulations and spatial ecology 116
5.3 MacArthur and Wilson and the equilibrium theory 120
5.4 The Levins or classical metapopulation 124
5.5 Lande's extension of the Levins model 125
5.6 Extinction in metapopulations 127
5.7 Metapopulation dynamics of two local populations 127
5.8 Source-sink metapopulations and the rescue effect 129
5.9 Nonequilibrium and patchy metapopulations 130
5.10 Spatially realistic models 130
5.11 Assumptions and evidence for the existence of metapopulations in nature 135
5.12 Summary 138
References 139
6 Life history strategies 145
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Power laws 149
6.3 The metabolic theory of ecology 152
6.4 Cole and Lewontin 154
6.5 The theory of - and -selection versus fast and slow life histories 159
6.6 Cost of reproduction and allocation of energy 162
6.7 Clutch size 163
6.8 Latitudinal gradients in clutch size 164
6.9 The effects of predation and disease on life history characteristics 165
6.10 Bet-hedging 166
6.11 The Grime general model for three evolutionary strategies in plants 166
6.12 Summary 168
References 168
Part 2 Interspecific interactions among populations 173
7 Interspecific competition 177
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 Interspecific competition: early experiments and the competitive exclusion principle 178
7.3 The Lotka-Volterra competition equations 180
7.4 Laboratory experiments and competition 186
7.5 Resource-based competition theory 187
7.6 Spatial competition and the competition-colonization trade-off 194
7.7 Evidence for competition from nature 196
7.8 Indirect evidence for competition and natural experiments 198
7.9 Summary 205
References 205
8 Mutualism 209
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 Ant-plant mutualisms 210
8.3 Modeling mutualism 215
8.4 Summary: the costs of mutualism 217
References 217
9 Host-parasite interactions 221
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 Factors affecting microparasite population biology 223
9.3 Modeling host-microparasite interactions 224
9.4 Dynamics of the disease 226
9.5 Immunization 229
9.6 Endangered metapopulations and disease 230
9.7 Social parasites 232
9.8 Summary 235
References 235
10 Predator/prey interactions 239
10.1 Introduction 239
10.2 The Lotka-Volterra equations 248
10.3 Early tests of the Lotka-Volterra models 250
10.4 Functional responses 252
10.5 Adding prey density dependence and the type II and III functional responses to the Lotka-Volterra equations 256
10.6 The graphical analyses of Rosenzweig and MacArthur 258
10.7 Use of a half saturation constant in predator/prey interactions 262
10.8 Parasitoid/host interactions and the Nicholson-Bailey models 264
10.9 Section summary 267
10.10 Field studies 268
10.11 The dangers of a predatory lifestyle 277
10.12 Escape from predation 277
10.13 Summary 281
References 282
11 Plant-herbivore interactions 287
11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Classes of chemical defenses 289
11.3 Constitutive versus Induced Defense 294
11.4 Plant communication 296
11.5 Novel defenses/herbivore responses 296
11.6 Detoxification of plant compounds by herbivores 297
11.7 Plant apparency and chemical defense 298
11.8 Soil fertility and chemical defense 299
11.9 Modeling plant-herbivore population dynamics 299
11.10 Summary: the complexities of herbivore-plant interactions 303
References 306
12 Multi-trophic interactions 311
Jonathan Witt
12.1 Introduction 311
12.2 Trophic cascades 312
12.3 Trophic cascades and antropogenic change 317
12.4 Intraguild predation 319
12.5 Intraguild predation and prey suppression 321
12.6 Intraguild predation and mesopredator release 322
12.7 Cannibalism 323
References 326
Appendix 1: Problem sets 333
Appendix 2: Matrix algebra: the basics 337
Appendix 3: List of mathematical symbols used in this book 343
Index 351
