1 Surgical and Chemical Lesion Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stereotaxic Technique.- 3. Nonselective Lesion Techniques.- 3.1. Mechanical Methods.- 3.2. Injection of Nonselective Toxins.- 3.3. Alterations of Cerebral Vasculature.- 3.4. Radioisotopic and Related Methods.- 3.5. Ultrasound Technique.- 3.6. Thermal Methods.- 3.7. Electrolytic Methods.- 4. Selective Lesion Techniques.- 4.1. Neurotoxic Catecholamine Derivatives.- 4.2. Neurotoxic Indoleamine Derivatives.- 5. Interpretation of Lesion Effects.- 5.1. Acute Effects.- 5.2. Chronic Effects.- 6. References.- 7. Bibliography of Stereotaxic Atlases.- 7.1. Rat Brain Atlases.- 7.2. Cat Brain Atlases.- 7.3. Primate Brain Atlases.- 7.4. Rabbit Brain Atlases.- 7.5. Hamster Brain Atlases.- 7.6. Guinea Pig Brain Atlases.- 7.7. Miscellaneous Atlases.- 2 Identification of Transmitter-Specific Neurons in CNS by Autoradiographic Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Techniques.- 2.1. Introduction of Labeled Transmitters.- 2.2. Fixation and Autoradiography.- 3. Monoamines.- 3.1. Catecholamines.- 3.2. 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- 4. Amino Acids.- 4.1. Uptake of GABA by Inhibitory Neurons.- 4.2. Uptake of GABA by Glial Cells.- 4.3. Glycine.- 4.4. Glutamic Acid.- 5. References.- 3 Immunocytochemical Studies of the Distribution of Neurotransmitters and Related Substances in CNS.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodological Aspects.- 3. Catecholamine and Serotonin Biosynthetic Enzymes.- 3.1. Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- 3.2. Dopa Decarboxylase (Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase).- 3.3. Dopamine-?-Hydroxylase.- 3.4. Phenylethanolamine N-Methyl Transferase.- 3.5. Tryptophan Hydroxylase.- 4. GABA Biosynthetic Enzyme: Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase.- 4.1. Cerebellum.- 4.2. Spinal Cord.- 4.3. Substantia Nigra.- 5. The Olfactory Bulb.- 6. Acetylcholine Biosynthetic Enzyme: Choline Acetyl Transferase.- 7. Immunocytochemistry of the Neuroactive Peptides.- 7.1. Neurohypophyseal Peptides.- 7.2. Hypophysiotropic Hypothalamic Peptides (Releasing Factors).- 7.3. Neurotransmitter-like Peptides.- 8. Perspectives on the Application of Immunocytochemical Methods to the Study of Neurotransmitters and Related Substances.- 9. Conclusions.- 10. References.- 4 Organization of Catecholamine Neurons in the Rat Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Catecholamine-Containing Cell Bodies.- 2.1. Lateral Tegmental Catecholamine Cell System.- 2.2. Dorsal Medullary Catecholamine Cell System.- 2.3. Locus Coeruleus Noradrenalin Cell Group.- 2.4. Mesencephalic Dopamine Cell System.- 2.5. Midline and Periventricular Catecholamine Cell System.- 2.6. Dopamine Cells of the Incertohypothalamic System.- 2.7. Dopamine Cells of the Tuberohypophyseal System.- 2.8. Periglomerular Dopamine Neurons.- 3. Organization of Catecholamine Axon Pathways in the Central Nervous System.- 3.1. Methodological Considerations.- 3.2. Principal Organization of Catecholamine Pathways.- 3.3. Dorsal Tegmental Bundle.- 3.4. Central Tegmental Tract.- 3.5. Periventricular System.- 3.6. Tegmental Catecholamine Radiations.- 3.7. Nigrostriatal System.- 3.8. Medial Forebrain Bundle System.- 3.9. Bulbospinal System.- 4. Regional Organization of Catecholamine Innervation.- 4.1. Neocortex.- 4.2. Septal Area.- 4.3. Amygdala, Olfactory Cortex, and Olfactory Bulb.- 4.4. Hippocampus.- 4.5. Hypothalamus.- 4.6. Thalamus.- 4.7. Pretectum and Tectum.- 4.8. Cerebellum.- 4.9. Lower Brainstem.- 4.10. Spinal Cord.- 4.11. Retina.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- 5 The Serotonin-Producing Neurons of the Midbrain Median and Dorsal Raphe Nuclei.- 1. Introduction to Ascending Serotonin Fibers.- 2. Historical Overview: Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei.- 2.1. Brain Serotonin.- 2.2. Histochemical Fluorescence.- 2.3. Medial Forebrain Bundle.- 2.4. Lesions of Raphe Nuclei.- 2.5. Autoradiography Connection Tracing.- 2.6. Differential Projections.- 3. Anatomy.- 3.1. Ascending Efferent Projections of the Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei.- 3.2. Afferent Projections to the Median and Dorsal Raphe Nuclei.- 4. Ultrastructure of the Serotonin Neuron.- 4.1. Perikaryon.- 4.2. Axons.- 5. Development of the Serotonin System.- 5.1. Neurochemistry.- 5.2. Histochemical Fluorescence.- 5.3. Thymidine Labeling.- 5.4. Epiphytic Guidance.- 6. Regeneration of the Serotonin-Containing Axons.- 6.1. Transplant Studies.- 6.2. Regeneration Studies.- 6.3. Physiological Function.- 7. Biosynthesis of Serotonin.- 7.1. Soma.- 7.2. Terminals.- 7.3. Substrate.- 7.4. Oxygen.- 7.5. Cofactor.- 7.6. Enzyme.- 8. Neurophysiology of Serotonin-Containing Neurons.- 8.1. Rate of Firing.- 8.2. Axonal Conduction.- 8.3. Transneuronal Effect.- 8.4. Iontophoresis.- 9. Behavior and the Serotonin System.- 9.1. Electrolytic Lesions of Raphe Nuclei.- 9.2. Neurotoxin Lesions.- 9.3. Hippocampus and Serotonin.- 9.4. Modulatory Role.- 10. Neuroendocrinology and the Serotonin System.- 10.1. Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.- 10.2. Steroids and Serotonin Metabolism.- 10.3. Steroids-Hippocampus-Raphe Serotonin.- 10.4. Serotonin-Pituitary.- 10.5. Steroids-Serotonin-Pituitary.- 10.6. Homeostatic Relationship.- 11. Epilogue.- Appendix I. Central Magnocellular Nucleus of the Raphe.- Cerebral Superior Nucleus.- Inferior Central Gray Substance.- Appendix II. Rat Atlas of Dorsal Raphe and Median Raphe Projections.- 12. References.- 6 Cholinergic Pathways in CNS.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Review of Light-Microscopic Techniques.- 2.1. Historical Background.- 2.2. Theoretical Principles as Typified by the Azo Dye Technique.- 2.3. Thiocholine Technique.- 2.4. Other Techniques.- 3. Application of the Thiocholine Technique.- 3.1. Some Theoretical Considerations.- 3.2. Procedure for Light Microscopy.- 3.3. Technique for Electron Microscopy.- 4. Other Methods of Assessing Cholinergic Activity.- 4.1. Choline Acetylase Activity.- 4.2. High-Affinity Choline Uptake.- 4.3. Receptor Sites for Acetylcholine.- 4.4. Comparison of the Various Methods.- 5. Distribution and Significance of Central Acetylcholinesterase-Containing Neurons.- 5.1. Brainstem.- 5.2. Subcortical Forebrain Areas.- 5.3. Limbic Regions.- 5.4. Visual System.- 6. Functional Roles of the Cholinergic System.- 6.1. Behavioral Inhibition.- 6.2. Selective Attention, Learning, and Memory.- 6.3. Drug-Induced Analgesia.- 6.4. Stress.- 7. References.- 7 Localization of GABA-ergic Neurons in the CNS.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. GABA as a Transmitter in Brain.- 1.2. Value of Different Parameters in Demonstrating GABA-ergic Neurons.- 1.3. Strategy for Localizing GABA-ergic Structures.- 1.4. Intraterminal Concentrations of GABA and GAD.- 2. Regional Distribution of GAD, GABA, GABA-T, SSD, and GABA Uptake.- 3. Cerebellum.- 3.1. Purkinje Cells.- 3.2. Interneurons in the Cerebellar Cortex.- 4. Spinal Cord and Brainstem.- 4.1. Spinal Cord.- 4.2. Dorsal Column Nuclei.- 4.3. Cochlear Nucleus.- 4.4. Eye Motor Nuclei.- 4.5. Vestibular Nucleus.- 4.6. Substantia Nigra.- 5. Basal Ganglia.- 5.1. Anatomy and Physiology.- 5.2. Biochemistry.- 6. Hypothalamus.- 7. Visual System.- 7.1. Retina.- 7.2. Optic Tectum and Lateral Geniculate Body.- 8. Cortical Structures.- 8.1. Hippocampus.- 8.2. Neocortex.- 9. Limbic Structures.- 9.1. Septum.- 9.2. Nucleus Accumbens.- 9.3. Nucleus Interstitialis Striae Terminalis.- 9.4. Substantia Innominata.- 9.5. Amygdala.- 10. Olfactory Bulb.- 11. Sensory Cells.- 11.1. Olfactory Cells.- 11.2. Inner Ear and Lateral Line Organs.- 12. References.