1 The Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Intracranial Self-Stimulation: A Case History of Anatomical Localization of Motivational Substrates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathways of Intracranial Self-Stimulation: A Three-Step Procedure for Specification.- 2.1. Mapping.- 2.2. Lesions at ICSS Sites.- 2.3. Brain Lesions Which Eliminate Self-Stimulation.- 2.4. Summary.- 3. Defining the Input and Output in ICSS.- 3.1. The Nature of the Wiring Diagram.- 3.2. The Definition of Input and Output.- 3.3. Anatomical Localization of Sites Eliciting Drinking by Carbachol and Angiotensin II: The Advantages of Defined Input and Output.- 3.4. Some Preliminary Attempts at Solution.- 4. The Central Role of the Frontal Cortex in ICSS.- 4.1. Initial Map of the Brainstem for ICSS: Dubious Role of the Locus Coeruleus.- 4.2. ICSS in Frontal Cortex: Medial and Sulcal Cortex.- 5. Relation of Frontal Cortex to Brainstem Self-Stimulation.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 2 Neuropharmacology of Reward and Punishment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Operant Reinforcement.- 2.1. Pharmacological Evidence Implicating Norepinephrine (NE).- 2.2. Anatomical Evidence Implicating Norepinephrine.- 2.3. Self-Stimulation and Brain Dopamine.- 2.4. Intravenous Self-Administration of Drugs.- 2.5. Conclusions.- 3. Operant Punishment.- 3.1. Pharmacology.- 3.2. Effects of Benzodiazepines on Monoamine Turnover.- 3.3. Benzodiazepines and Brain Norepinephrine.- 3.4. Benzodiazepines and Brain Serotonin.- 3.5. Suppression of Behavior by Dorsal Raphe Stimulation and Reversal by Oxazepam.- 3.6. Effects of Repeated Doses of Oxazepam on Monoamine Turnover.- 3.7. Conclusions.- 4. References.- 3 The Psychopharmacology of Feeding.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Putative Neurotransmitters and Food Intake.- 2.1. Norepinephrine and Epinephrine.- 2.2. Dopamine.- 2.3. Serotonin.- 2.4. Acetylcholine.- 2.5. Other Influences.- 3. Anorectic Drugs.- 3.1. Structure-Function Relationships in Sympathomimetics.- 3.2. Epinephrine.- 3.3. Nordefrin: ?-Methylnorepinephrine.- 3.4. Phenethylamine.- 3.5. Amphetamine.- 3.6. Phentermine, Phenmetrazine, and Diethylpropion.- 3.7. Phenylpropanolamine.- 3.8. Chlorphentermine and Chloroamphetamine.- 3.9. Fenfluramine.- 3.10. Social Psychology and Anorectic Drugs.- 4. Orectic Drugs.- 4.1. Cyproheptadine.- 4.2. Tranquilizers.- 4.3. l-Dopa.- 5. References.- 4 The Neuroanatomy and Neuropharmacology of Drinking.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thirst Receptors.- 3. The Neuroanatomy of Thirst.- 3.1. Hypothalamus.- 3.2. Limbic System and Midbrain.- 4. The Neuropharmacology of Thirst.- 4.1. Cholinergic Systems.- 4.2. Angiotensin.- 4.3. Adrenergic Systems.- 4.4. Other Dipsogenic Substances.- 5. Defense of Body Fluids.- 6. References.- 5 Pharmacological and Hormonal Control of Reproductive behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ontogeny of Sexual Behavior.- 2.1. Hormones and Development of Sexual Behavior: Sexual Dimorphism.- 2.2. Monoamines, Drugs, and Development of Sexual Behavior.- 3. Sexual Behavior in the Adult Subject.- 3.1. Hormonal Regulation of Sexual Behavior in the Female.- 3.2. Hormonal Regulation of Sexual Behavior in the Male.- 3.3. Effects of Psychoactive Drugs on Sexual Behavior.- 4. Parental Behavior.- 4.1. Maternal Behavior.- 4.2. Paternal (Paternalistic) Behavior.- 5. General Conclusions.- 6. References.- 6 Neuropharmacology of the Sleep-Waking Cycle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Sleep-Waking Cycle in the Cat.- 3. An Outline of Recent Theories of Sleep Mechanisms.- 3.1. Recent Advances in the Study of Sleep Mechanisms.- 3.2. Classical Neurophysiology of Sleep.- 3.3. Wet Neurophysiology.- 4. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.- 4.1. Increased Availability of 5-HT to Serotoninoceptive Neurons.- 4.2. Decreased Availability of 5-HT.- 5. Catecholamines and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.- 5.1. Increased Availability of Catecholamines.- 5.2. Decreased Availability of Catecholamines.- 6. Acetylcholine and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.- 6.1. Increased Availability of ACh to Cholinoceptive Neurons.- 6.2. Decreased Availability of ACh.- 6.3. Cholinergic Mechanisms Involved in Paradoxical Sleep.- 7. Pharmacological Alterations of PGO Activity.- 7.1. The Reserpine Syndrome and the PGO System.- 7.2. Pharmacology of PGO Activity.- 7.3. The PGO Method in Pharmacology.- 8. Short-Chain Fatty Acids and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.- 8.1. The Narcotic Effect.- 8.2. Mechanisms of Action.- 9. Antidepressant and Neuroleptic Drugs.- 9.1. Antidepressants.- 9.2. Neuroleptic Drugs.- 10. Hypnotics and Tranquilizing Drugs.- 10.1. Hypnotics.- 10.2. Minor Tranquilizers.- 11. Hormones and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.- 12. Drugs Acting on Protein Synthesis and the Sleep-Waking Cycle.- 12.1. Experimental Evidence.- 12.2. Impossible Interpretation.- 13. Miscellaneous Compounds.- 13.1. Putative Neurotransmitters.- 13.2. Miscellaneous Drugs.- 14. Conclusions.- 15. References.- 7 Drug-Induced Motor behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Locomotor Activity.- 2.1. Drug Effects on Locomotor Activity.- 2.2. Neural Mechanisms of the Locomotor-Stimulant Action of Amphetamine.- 2.3. Roles of Transmitters Other than Dopamine in Locomotor Activity.- 2.4. Conclusions.- 3. Stereotyped Behavior.- 3.1. The Drug-Induced Stereotyped Behavior Syndrome.- 3.2. Neural Basis of Amphetamine-Induced Stereotypy.- 3.3. Roles of Transmitters Other than Dopamine in Stereotyped Behavior.- 3.4. Conclusions.- 4. Rotational Behavior.- 4.1. Drug-Induced Circling.- 4.2. Neural Mechanisms of Amphetamine-Induced Circling.- 4.3. Roles of Transmitters Other than Dopamine in Drug-Induced Circling.- 4.4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 8 Brain Dopamine Systems and behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Studies of the Dopamine Pathways and Behavior.- 2.1. Methods of Investigation.- 2.2. Unconditioned Behavior.- 2.3. Conditioned Behavior.- 3. Classical Studies of Striatal Function.- 4. A Synthesis of the Role of DA in the Nigrostriatal Tract.- 4.1. Endogenous DA Asymmetry and Sensory-Motor Coordination.- 4.2. Behavioral Nature of Amphetamine-Induced Motor Changes.- 5. An Overview of Striatal Function.- 5.1. Frontostriatal Interactions.- 5.2. How Does the Striatum Influence Motor Control?.- 5.3. Striatum and Cognitive Function.- 5.4. Nonstriatal Dopamine Systems.- 6. References.- 9 Stimulus Selection and Behavioral Inhibition.- 1. Varieties of Behavioral Inhibition.- 1.1. Habituation.- 1.2. Extinction.- 1.3. Discrimination.- 1.4. Response Suppression by Aversive Stimuli.- 2. Hypotheses about Neural Mechanisms for Behavioral Inhibition.- 2.1. Stimulus Selection.- 2.2. Decreased Activation.- 2.3. Response Inhibition.- 2.4. Summary.- 3. Psychopharmacology of Behavioral Inhibition.- 3.1. Habituation.- 3.2. Extinction.- 3.3. Discrimination.- 3.4. Response Suppression by Aversive Stimuli.- 4. Neurochemical Substrates for the Increases in Responding by Amphetamine, Cholinolytics, and Benzodiazepines.- 4.1. Amphetamine.- 4.2. Cholinolytics.- 4.3. Benzodiazepines.- 5. Mechanisms of Behavioral Inhibition.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 10 Drug Effects on Fear and Frustration: Possible Limbic Site of Action of Minor Tranquilizers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Learning Theory Background.- 3. The Effects of the Barbiturates on Emotional Behavior.- 3.1. Rewarded Behavior.- 3.2. Passive Avoidance.- 3.3. Classical Conditioning of Fear.- 3.4. Escape Behavior.- 3.5. One-Way Active Avoidance.- 3.6. Two-Way Active Avoidance.- 3.7. Responses Elicited by Aversive Stimuli.- 3.8. Frustrative Nonreward.- 3.9. Conclusion.- 4. The Behavioral Inhibition System.- 5. The Effects of Ethanol on Emotional Behavior.- 5.1. Rewarded Behavior.- 5.2. Passive Avoidance.- 5.3. Classical Conditioning of Fear.- 5.4. Escape Behavior.- 5.5. One-Way Active Avoidance.- 5.6. Two-Way Active Avoidance.- 5.7. Responses Elicited by Aversive Stimuli.- 5.8. Frustrative Nonreward.- 5.9. Responses to Novelty.- 6. The Effects of the Benzodiazepines on Emotional Behavior.- 6.1. Rewarded Behavior.- 6.2. Passive Avoidance.- 6.3. Classical Conditioning of Fear.- 6.4. Escape Behavior.- 6.5. One-Way Active Avoidance.- 6.6. Two-Way Active Avoidance.- 6.7. Responses Elicited by Aversive Stimuli.- 6.8. Frustrative Nonreward.- 6.9. Responses to Novelty.- 7. The Behavioral Effects of the Minor Tranquilizers: An Overview.- 7.1. Rewarded Behavior.- 7.2. Passive Avoidance.- 7.3. Classical Conditioning of Fear.- 7.4. Escape Behavior.- 7.5. One-Way Active Avoidance.- 7.6. Two-Way Active Avoidance.- 7.7. Responses Elicited by Aversive Stimuli.- 7.8. Frustrative Nonreward.- 7.9. Responses to Novelty.- 8. The Mode of Action of the Minor Tranquilizers in the Central Nervous System: A Hypothesis.- 8.1. The Hippocampal Theta Rhythm.- 8.2. Testing the Frequency-Specific Hypothesis.- 8.3. The Pharmacology of the Theta-Driving Curve.- 9. Conclusions.- 10. References.- 11 Modulation of Learning and Memory: Effects of Drugs Influencing Neurotransmitters.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Preliminary Considerations.- 2. Acetylcholine.- 2.1. Physostigmine (Eserine).- 2.2. Nicotine.- 2.3. Anticholinergic Agents.- 3. Catecholamines.- 3.1. Sympathomimetics.- 3.2. Antiadrenergic Agents.- 4. ECS, Protein-Synthesis Inhibition, and CA.- 5. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT).- 6. Neurotransmitter Interactions.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.