1 Amphetamines: Structure-Activity Relationships.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Biogenic Amines.- 2.1. Norepinephrine.- 2.2. Dopamine.- 2.3. Serotonin.- 3. Central Stimulatory Effects.- 3.1. Phenethylamine Derivatives.- 3.2. Structurally Modified Phenethylamine Derivatives.- 3.3. Pemoline.- 4. Anorexic Effects.- 5. Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase.- 6. Psychotomimetic Effects.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 2 Amphetamines: Biochemical and Behavioral Actions in Animals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemistry.- 3. General Pharmacological Actions.- 4. Behavioral Effects in Animals Pretreated with Drugs That Modify Catecholaminergic Neurotransmission Processes.- 4.1. Drugs Which Enhance Catecholaminergic Transmission.- 4.2. Drugs Which Disrupt Catecholaminergic Transmission.- 5. Behavioral Effects in Animals Pretreated with Drugs That Modify Noncatecholaminergic Transmission Processes.- 5.1. 5-Hydroxytryptaminergic Transmission.- 5.2. Acetylcholinergic Transmission.- 6. Interactions of Psychomotor Stimulants with Neurotransmitters in Brain.- 6.1. Catecholamines.- 6.2. 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- 6.3. Acetylcholine.- 7. Comparisons of Biochemical and Behavioral Effects of d- and l-Amphetamine.- 8. Effects of Chronic Administration of Psychomotor Stimulants.- 9. Summary and Speculations.- 10. References.- 3 Central Nervous System Stimulants: Historical Aspects and Clinical Effects.- 1. Introduction-Early Use of Plant Preparations.- 2. Cocaine.- 3. Amphetamine and Methamphetamine.- 4. Phenmetrazine.- 5. Methylphenidate.- 6. Diethylpropion.- 7. Ephedrine.- 8. Clinical Aspects of CNS Stimulant Use.- 8.1. General Considerations.- 8.2. Low-Dose Nonmedical Stimulant Use.- 8.3. High-Dose Nonmedical Stimulant Use.- 8.4. Withdrawal Effects.- 9. Medical Uses of Stimulants.- 9.1. Narcolepsy.- 9.2. Hyperkinetic Behavior Disorders in Children.- 9.3. Obesity.- 9.4. Parkinson's Disease.- 9.5. Depression.- 10. Problems Raised by Stimulants.- 10.1. Problems with Respect to Society and Legislative Control.- 10.2. Problems in Research.- 11. References.- 4 Drug Treatment in Child Psychiatry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Childhood Psychosis.- 2.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 2.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 2.3. Drug Treatment.- 2.4. General Considerations Using Major Tranquilizers for Psychotic Children.- 3. Behavior Disorders of the Mentally Retarded.- 3.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 3.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 3.3. Drug Treatment.- 3.4. Clinical Considerations.- 4. Hyperactivity.- 4.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 4.2. Nondrug Treatments.- 4.3. Drug Treatments.- 5. Enuresis.- 5.1. Occurrence and Outcome.- 5.2. Nondrug Treatments.- 5.3. Drug Therapies.- 5.4. Clinical Considerations Using Tricyclics for Enuresis.- 5.5. Possible Mechanism of Action of Tricyclics in Enuresis.- 6. Tics and Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome.- 6.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 6.2. Nondrug Treatments.- 6.3. Drug Treatment.- 7. Anorexia Nervosa.- 7.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 7.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 7.3. Drug Treatment.- 8. Nightmares and Related Sleep Disorders.- 8.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 8.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 8.3. Drug Treatment.- 8.4. Clinical Considerations For Drug Treatment.- 9. School Phobia.- 9.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 9.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 9.3. Drug Treatment.- 9.4. Combining Nondrug and Drug Treatment.- 10. Stuttering.- 10.1. Occurrence and Outcome.- 10.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 10.3. Drug Treatment.- 10.4. Dose Side Effects and Duration of Haloperidol Treatment.- 10.5. Treatment Considerations.- 11. Learning Disorders.- 11.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 11.2. Nondrug Treatments.- 11.3. Chemical Treatment of the Learning-Impaired.- 11.4. Drug Treatments.- 11.5. Theoretical Issues.- 12. Seizure Disorders.- 12.1. Effect of Psychotropic Drugs on the Seizure Threshold.- 12.2. Psychological Effects of Anticonvulsants on Epileptic Children.- 13. References.- 5 Plants and Plant Constituents as Mind-Altering Agents Throughout History.- 6 Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Definition of Psychotomimetic.- 1.2. Qualitative Differences.- 1.3. Quantitative Differences.- 1.4. Sources of Information.- 1.5. Classes to Be Considered.- 2. The Phenethylamines.- 2.1. Variations of Ring Substitution.- 2.2. Nitrogen-Substituted Phenethylamines.- 3. The Phenylisopropylamines.- 3.1. Methoxylated Phenylisopropylamines.- 3.2. Methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamines.- 3.3. Alkoxyphenylisopropylamines.- 3.4. Alkylphenylisopropylamines.- 3.5. Halo-or Sulfur-Substituted Phenylisopropylamines.- 4. References.- 7 Drug Metabolism: Review of Principles and the Fate of One-Ring Psychotomimetics.- 1. Principles of Drug Metabolism.- 1.1. Aromatic Hydroxylation.- 1.2. Aliphatic Epoxidations.- 1.3. Allylic and Related Oxidations.- 1.4. Oxidations of Carbon Attached to Heteroatoms.- 1.5. Oxidations and Reductions of Nitrogen-Containing Moieties.- 2. Metabolism of One-Ring Psychotomimetics.- 2.1. Amphetamine (Benzeneethaneamine, ?-Methyl).- 2.2. Metabolism of Mescaline (Benzeneethaneamine, 3,4,5-Trimethoxy).- 2.3. The Metabolism of Ring-Substituted 1-Phenyl-2-aminopropane Psychotomimetics.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- 8 Psychotomimetic Drugs in Man.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Basis for Classification.- 3. Clinical Effects of Psychotomimetic Drugs.- 3.1. LSD Reaction.- 3.2. LSD Homologs.- 3.3. Mescaline.- 3.4. Psilocybin.- 3.5. Piperidyl Benzilate Esters.- 3.6. Phencyclidine.- 3.7. Miscellaneous Drugs.- 4. Psychological Effects in Experimental Studies.- 4.1. Intellectual Functions.- 4.2. Perceptual Functions.- 4.3. Psychomotor Functions.- 4.4 Projective Tests.- 4.5. Other Psychological Effects.- 5. Electroencephalographic and Neurophysiological Studies.- 6. Physiological Effects.- 7. Kinetics of LSD in Man.- 8. Adverse Reactions-Psychiatric.- 9. Adverse Effects-Physical.- 9.1. Chromosomes, Dysmorphogenesis, and Carcinogenesis.- 9.2. Miscellaneous Other Types.- 10. Therapeutic Uses.- 10.1. Psychoneuroses.- 10.2. Schizophrenic Reactions.- 10.3. Depressions.- 10.4. Alcoholism.- 11. Psychotomimetics and Model Psychoses.- 12. Conditions for Endogenous Psychotogens.- 13. Concept of Endogenous Psychotogens.- 14. Model Psychosis.- 15. Patterns of Social Use.- 16. References.- 9 Nicotine and Smoking.- 1. The Initiation of the Smoking Habit.- 2. Why Do People Keep Smoking?.- 2.1. Do People Smoke for Nicotine?.- 2.2. Effects of Nicotine on Physiological and Psychological Functions.- 2.3. Is Nicotine Addicting?.- 3. Cessation of Cigarette Smoking: Why Do People Stop Smoking and How Do They Do It?.- 4. References.