PART 1 Planning, Drafting, and Revising
1 Think as a Writer
a Think About What College Readers Expect
b Think About How to Persuade Others
c Think About Your Audience
d Think About Your Credibility
e Think About Your Purpose
2 Plan and Draft
a Establish Your Goals
b Explore Your Topic
c Write a Working Thesis
d Plan a Strategy
e Compose a Draft
f Write as a Member of a Team
3 Compose Paragraphs
a Focus Your Paragraphs
b Organize Your Paragraphs
c Make Your Paragraphs Coherent
d Consider Paragraph Length
e Write Effective Beginning and Ending Paragraphs
4 Rewrite, Edit, and Proofread
a Switch from Writer to Reader
b Learn Strategies for Rewriting
c Respond to Other Writers' Drafts
d Edit for Particular Goals
e Proofread Carefully
f Learn to Edit the Writing of Others
PART 2 Analyzing, Reflecting, Informing, Arguing
5 Read and View with a Critical Eye
a Become a Critical Reader
b Read Actively
c Write Summaries
d Recognize Verbal Fallacies
e Become a Critical Viewer
f Recognize Visual Fallacies
6 Write an Analysis
a Understand the Goal of a Rhetorical Analysis
b Analyze the Context and the Text
c Organize and Write a Rhetorical Analysis
d Sample Rhetorical Analysis
e Analyze Images and Other Visual Texts
7 Write a Reflection
a Find a Reflective Topic
b Identify a Focus
c Organize and Write a Reflection
d Sample Reflective Essay
8 Write an Informative Essay
a Find an Informative Topic
b Narrow Your Topic and Write a Thesis
c Organize and Write an Informative Essay
d Sample Informative Essay
9 Write a Position Argument
a Position Arguments and Proposal Arguments
b Find an Arguable Topic and Make a Claim
c Organize and Write a Position Argument
d Sample Position Argument
10 Write a Proposal Argument
a Find an Arguable Topic and Make a Proposal
b Organize and Write a Proposal Argument
c Sample Proposal Argument
PART 3 Writing in the Disciplines
11 Learn to Write in Academic Disciplines
a Become an Academic Writer
b What Counts as Evidence in the Disciplines?
12 Write in Specific Genres
a Write an Essay Examination
b Write an Observation
c Write a Case Study
d Write a Lab Report in the Sciences
e Write a Letter of Application
f Write a Resume
g Write a Business Memo
13 Write About Literature
a Become a Critical Reader of Literature
b Develop an Interpretation
c Write a Literary Analysis
d Sample Literary Analysis
PART 4 Designing and Presenting
14 Communicate in Multimedia
a Multimedia Composing
b Think About Verbal and Visual Relationships
c Design Documents
d Choose Type
e Create Tables, Charts, and Graphs
15 Design Presentations
a Plan a Presentation
b Design Visuals for a Presentation
c Deliver an Effective Presentation
PART 5 Planning Research and Finding Sources
Research Map
16 Plan Your Research
a Analyze the Research Task
b Set a Schedule
c Find and Narrow a Topic
d Determine What Kind of Research You Need
e Draft a Working Thesis
f Create a Working Bibliography
g Create an Annotated Bibliography
17 Find Sources
a Develop Strategies for Finding Sources
b Find Sources in Databases
c Find Sources on the Web
d Find Multimedia Sources
e Find Print Sources
f Keep Track of Sources
18 Evaluate Sources
a Determine the Relevance of Sources
b Determine the Quality of Sources
c Evaluate Database and Print Sources
d Evaluate Web Sources
19 Plan Field Research
a Know What You Can Obtain from Field Research
b Conduct Interviews
c Administer Surveys
d Make Observations
PART 6 Incorporating and Documenting Sources
Using Sources Map
20 Understand and Avoid Plagiarism
a Understand the Purposes of Sources
b What is Plagiarism?
c Avoid Plagiarism When Taking Notes
d Avoid Plagiarism When Quoting Sources
e Avoid Plagiarism When Summarizing and Paraphrasing
21 Use Sources Effectively
a Use Sources to Provide Evidence
b Use Sources as Points of Departure
c Decide When to Quote and When to Paraphrase
d Integrate Quotations
e Integrate Summaries and Paraphrases
f Integrate Visuals
22 Write and Revise the Research Project
a Revisit Your Research
b Plan Your Organization
c Write a Draft
d Review and Revise
MLA
MLA Documentation Map
23 MLA Documentation
a Writer at Work: Citing Sources in a MLA-Style Project
b Writer at Work: Creating the List of Work Cited
c In-Text Citations in MLA Style
d Illustrated Samples and Index of Works Cited in MLA Style
e Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, and Other Print Sources
f Books
g Library Database Sources
h Web Sources and Other Online Sources
i Visual Sources
j Multimedia Sources
k Informational Notes
l Sample Research Paper with MLA Documentation
APA, CMS, CSE
APA Documentation Map
24 APA Documentation
a In-text Citations in APA Style
b Illustrated Samples and Index of References in APA Style
c Periodical Sources
d Books and Nonperiodical Sources
e Online Sources
f Visual, Computer, and Multimedia Sources
g Sample Paper with APA Documentation
25 CMS Documentation
a In-text Citations in CMS Style
b Documentation in CMS Style
c Books and Nonperiodical Sources
d Periodical Sources
e Online Sources
f Multimedia Sources
g Sample Pages with CMS Documentation
26 CSE Documentation
a In-text Citations in CSE Style
b References in CSE Style
c Books and Nonperiodical Sources
d Periodical Sources
e Online Sources
f Sample Pages with CSE Documentation
PART 7 Effective Style and Language
27 Write with Power
a Pay Attention to Verbs
b Stay Active
c Find Agents
d Vary Your Sentences
e Give Your Writing Personality
28 Write Concisely
a Eliminate Unnecessary Words
b Reduce Wordy Phrases
c Simplify Tangled Sentences
29 Write with Emphasis
a Manage Emphasis in Sentences
b Forge Links Across Sentences
c Use Parallel Structure with Parallel Ideas
d Use Parallel Structure with Lists
e Use Parallel Structure in Paragraphs
30 Find the Right Words
a Be Aware of Levels of Formality
b Be Aware of Denotation and Connotation
c Use Specific Language
d Use Effective Figurative Language
31 Write to Be Inclusive
a Be Aware of Stereotypes
b Be Inclusive About Gender
c Be Inclusive About Race and Ethnicity
d Be Inclusive About Other Differences
e Recognize International Varieties of English
PART 8 Understanding Grammar
32 Grammar Basics
a Sentence Basics
b Word Classes
c Clauses
d Phrases
e Sentence Types
33 Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices
a Fragments
b Run-on Sentences
c Comma Splices
34 Subject-Verb Agreement
a Agreement in the Present Tense
b Singular and Plural Subjects
c Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects
d Collective Nouns as Subjects
e Inverted Word Order
f Amounts, Numbers, and Pairs
35 Verbs
a Basic Verb Forms
b Irregular Verbs
c Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
d Shifts in Tense
e Shifts in Mood
36 Pronouns
a Pronoun Case
b Pronoun Agreement
c Problems with Pronouns and Gender
d Vague Reference
37 Modifiers
a Choose the Correct Modifier
b Place Adjectives Carefully
c Place Adverbs Carefully
d Revise Disruptive Modifiers
e Revise Dangling Modifiers
PART 9 Understanding Punctuation and Mechanics
38 Commas
a Commas with Introductory Elements
b Commas with Compound Clauses
c Commas with Nonrestrictive Modifiers
d Commas with Items in a Series
e Commas with Coordinate Adjectives
f Commas with Quotations
g Commas with Dates, Numbers, Titles, and Addresses
h Commas to Avoid Confusion
i Unnecessary Commas
39 Semicolons and Colons
a Semicolons with Closely Related Main Clauses
b Semicolons Together with Commas
c Colons in Sentences
d Colons with Lists
40 Hyphens
a Hyphens with Compound Modifiers
b Hyphens with Compound Nouns
c Hyphens that Divide Words at the Ends of Lines
d Hyphens for Clarity
41 Dashes and Parentheses
a Dashes and Parentheses vs. Commas
b Dashes and Parentheses to Set Off Information
c Other Punctuation with Parentheses
d Other Punctuation with Dashes
42 Apostrophes
a Possessives
b Contractions and Omitted Letters
c Plurals of Letters, Symbols, and Words Referred to as Words
43 Quotation Marks
a Direct Quotations
b Titles of Short Works
c Other Uses of Quotation Marks
d Misuses of Quotation Marks
e Other Punctuation with Quotation Marks
44 Other Punctuation Marks
a Periods
b Question Marks
c Exclamation Points
d Brackets
e Ellipses
f Slashes
45 Write with Accurate Spelling
a Know the Limitations of Spelling Checkers
b Distinguish Homonyms
46 Capitalization and Italics
a Capital Letters
b Italics
47 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers
a Abbreviations
b Acronyms
c Numbers
PART 10 If English Is Not Your First Language
48 Write in a Second Language
a Understand the Demands of Writing in a Second Language
b Use Your Native Language as a Resource
c Use Dictionaries
d Understand English Idioms
49 Nouns, Articles, and Prepositions
a Kinds of Nouns
b Count and Noncount Nouns
c Singular and Plural Forms
d Articles
e Prepositions
50 Verbs
a Types of Verbs
b Be Verbs
c Modal Auxiliary Verbs
d Verbs and Infinitives
e Verbs and -ing Verbals
f Conditional Sentences
g Participial Adjectives
h Phrasal Verbs
51 English Sentence Structure
a Subjects
b English Word Order
c Placement of Modifiers
d Adjectives with Prepositions
Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage
Index