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Initiating Activity.- Input-Output Analysis.- Orientation and Orientedness.- Neurogenetics.- A: Eye, Brain, and Simple Behavior.- 1 The Compound Eye.- The Distribution of Optical Axes.- Neural Superposition.- The Equator.- Angular Sensitivity of Visual Elements.- Screening Pigments.- Electrical Responses to Light.- Spectral Sensitivity.- Polarization Sensitivity.- Ocelli.- Summary.- 2 Neuronal Architecture of the Visual System.- Retinotopic Maps.- Visual Foci.- Lamina ganglionaris.- Medulla, Lobula, Lobula Plate.- 3 Motion Sensitivity Under Open Loop Conditions.- Orientation.- Optomotor Yaw Torque and Turning Behavior.- Optomotor Equilibrium.- Optomotor Roll and Pitch Responses.- Translatory Optomotor Responses.- Optomotor Posture Control by Visual Motion.- Visually Induced Start of Flight and Landing.- 4 Toward Correlating Structure and Function.- Retinal Subsystems.- Color Vision.- Polarization Sensitivity in Behavior.- Dark Adaptation on Account of Acuity.- Elementary Movement Detectors.- 3H-Deoxy-Glucose.- Lobula Plate Giant Neurons.- Other Visual Pathways.- B: The Behavioral Structure of the Visual System.- 5 Flying Straight.- Artificial Closed Loop Conditions.- Optomotor Balance.- Closed Loop Gain of Freely Rotating Flies.- 6 Endogenous Behavior in Yaw Torque Fluctuations.- Saccades and Torque Spikes.- Torque Spikes as Fixed Action Patterns.- Reafference Control.- Spontaneous Occurrence of Torque Spikes.- Torque Spikes Rules.- Flight Modes.- 7 Orientation Toward Objects.- Fixation Behavior in Musca, a Theory.- The Object Response in Drosophila.- Special Role of Front-to-Back Motion.- Range of Stimulus Parameters for the Position Function.- Two Responses Contribute to Yaw Torque.- Analysis of Individual Torque Traces.- Mutants with Altered Orientation Behavior.- Fixation in Flight.- Fixation in Walking Flies.- 8 Menotaxis.- Small Angle Oscillations.- Significance of Reafferent Stimuli.- The Object Response During Menotaxis.- 9 Foreground-Background Experiments.- Figure-Ground Discrimination in Musca.- One Output-Multiple Input Systems.- A Simple Model Generating Figure-Ground Discrimination.- Figure-Ground Discrimination in Drosophila.- Tracking.- Interplay Between Object Response and Optomotor Balance.- Dissociation into Object and Background.- Interpretation of Object Response.- Can the Musca Theory on Pattern-Induced Flight Orientation Be Applied to Drosophila?.- 10 Visual Control in Free Flight.- 11 Selective Attention.- Displacement Experiments.- Open Loop Oscillations.- 12 Plasticity of Visuo-Motor Coordination.- 13 Valuation.- Hypotheses.- Significance of Simple Visual Stimuli.- Context Dependence.- Visual Components of Courtship Behavior.- Conditioning.- Synopsis.- The Three Levels of Orientation.- Parallel Processing.- Actions and Responses.- Voluntary Behavior.- Orientedness Revisited.- Appendix 1: List of Neurological Mutants.- Appendix 2: Symbols, Dimensions, Abbreviations.- References.