Name: Cognition By Margaret W. Matlin
SKU: 9781118983287
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Cognition Summary

Cognition by Margaret W. Matlin

Margaret Matlin and new co-author Thomas Farmer's Cognition demonstrates how cognitive processes are relevant to everyday, real-world experiences, and frequently examines how cognition can be applied to other disciplines such as clinical psychology, social psychology, consumer psychology, education, communication, business, medicine, and law. The 9th edition continues to relate cognitive topics to applications in everyday life. This edition is fully updated with research and additional anecdotes. It also includes more research on neuroscience. This text is an unbound, three hole punched version.

About Margaret W. Matlin

Margaret W. Matlin and Thomas A. Farmer are the authors of Cognition, Binder Ready Version, 9th Edition, published by Wiley.

CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 1 Chapter Introduction 2 What is Cognitive Psychology? 2 A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Psychology 7 The Origins of Cognitive Psychology 7 Behaviorism 9 The Cognitive Revolution 10 Cognitive Psychology in Present Times 12 The Relationship Between Mind, Brain, and Behavior 14 Cognitive Science 14 Artificial Intelligence 15 The Computer Metaphor of the Mind and Information Processing 16 The Connectionist Approach 18 Cognitive Neuroscience 19 Brain Lesions 20 Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan) 21 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 21 Event-Related Potential Technique 22 Overview of Your Textbook 24 Preview of the Chapters 25 Themes in the Book 26 Theme 1: Cognitive processes are active, rather than passive. 26 Theme 2: Cognitive processes are remarkably efficient and accurate. 27 Theme 3: Cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information 27 Theme 4: Cognitive processes are interrelated with one another; they do not operate in isolation 28 Theme 5: Many cognitive processes rely on both bottom-up and top-down processing. 28 How to Use Your Book Effectively 28 Chapter Outline 29 Chapter Introductions 29 Demonstrations 29 Individual Differences Focus 29 Applications 30 End-of-Section Practice Quiz Questions 31 Section Summaries 31 End of Chapter Review Questions 31 Keywords 31 Keywords List and Glossary 32 Recommended Readings 32 Chapter Review Questions 35 Keywords 36 Recommended Readings 37 CHAPTER 2 Visual and Auditory Recognition 39 Chapter Introduction 40 Overview of Visual Object Recognition 40 The Visual System 41 Organization in Visual Perception 44 Theories of Visual Object Recognition 46 Feature-Analysis Theory 47 The Recognition-by-Components Theory 49 Top-Down Processing and Visual Object Recognition 52 Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down Processing 52 Top-Down Processing and Reading 53 Smart Mistakes in Object Recognition 56 Change Blindness 56 Inattentional Blindness 57 Specialized Visual Recognition Processes 59 Recognizing Faces Versus Recognizing Other Objects 60 Neuroscience Research on Face Recognition 60 Applied Research on Face Recognition 62 Speech Perception 66 Characteristics of Speech Perception 66 Word Boundaries 66 Variability in Phoneme Pronunciation 67 Context and Speech Perception 68 Visual Cues as an Aid to Speech Perception 68 Theories of Speech Perception 70 The Special Mechanism Approach 70 The General Mechanism Approaches 71 Chapter Review Questions 74 Keywords 75 Recommended Readings 76 CHAPTER 3 Attention and Consciousness 77 Chapter Introduction 78 Overview of Attention 79 Divided Attention 80 Selective Attention 81 Dichotic Listening 81 The Stroop Effect 82 Visual Search 84 Eye Movements in Reading 88 Overview of Eye Movements in Reading 88 Selective Attention in Reading 90 Neuroscience of Attention 92 The Orienting Attention Network 92 The Executive Attention Network 94 Theories of Attention 95 Early Theories of Attention 95 Feature-Integration Theory 96 Consciousness 99 Thought Suppression 101 Blindsight 103 Chapter Review Questions 106 Keywords 107 Recommended Readings 108 CHAPTER 4 Working Memory 109 Chapter Introduction 110 Classical Research on Short-Term Memory 110 The Magical Number Seven 111 Early Research on Short-Term Capacity Limits 112 The Brown/Peterson and Peterson Technique 113 Serial Position Effect 113 Semantic Similarity of the Items in Short-Term Memory 115 Atkinson and Shiffrin's Model of Information Processing 117 The Turn to Working Memory 120 Evidence for Components with Independent Capacities 123 Phonological Loop 124 Neuroscience Research on the Phonological Loop 126 Visuospatial Sketchpad 127 Research on the Visuospatial Sketchpad 128 Neuroscience Research on the Visuospatial Sketchpad 128 Central Executive 129 Characteristics of the Central Executive 129 The Central Executive and Daydreaming 130 Neuroscience Research on the Central Executive 131 Recent views of the central executive 131 Episodic Buffer 132 Working Memory Effects on Academic Performance and Relationships to Mental Health 134 Working Memory and Academic Performance 135 Working Memory Abilities in Clinical Populations 135 Chapter Review Questions 140 Keywords 141 Recommended Readings 141 CHAPTER 5 Long-Term Memory 143 Chapter Introduction 144 Brief Overview of Long-Term Memory 144 Encoding In Long-Term Memory 147 Levels of Processing 147 Levels of Processing and Memory for General Material 149 Levels of Processing and the Self-Reference Effect 150 Encoding-Specificity Principle 152 Research on Encoding Specificity 152 Levels of Processing and Encoding Specificity 154 Retrieval in Long-Term Memory 156 Explicit Versus Implicit Memory Tasks 157 Definitions and Examples 158 Individuals with Amnesia 159 Expertise 161 The Context-Specific Nature of Expertise 161 How Do Experts and Novices Differ? 161 Own-Ethnicity Bias 162 Autobiographical Memory 165 Schemas and Autobiographical Memory 166 Source Monitoring and Reality Monitoring 167 Flashbulb Memories 168 Eyewitness Testimony 171 Example of Inappropriate Eyewitness Testimony 171 The Post-Event Misinformation Effect 172 Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony 174 The Relationship Between Memory Confidence and Memory Accuracy 175 Special Topics In Long-Term Memory 176 Emotions and Memory 177 Anxiety Disorders and Explicit and Implicit Memory Tasks 180 The Recovered-Memory/False-Memory Controversy 181 The Two Contrasting Positions in the Controversy 182 The Potential for Memory Errors 183 Arguments for False Memory 183 Arguments for Recovered Memory 184 Both Perspectives Are at Least Partially Correct 185 Chapter Review Questions 188 Recommended Readings 190 Keywords 190 CHAPTER 6 Memory Strategies and Metacognition 191 Chapter Introduction 192 Memory Strategies I: Memory Strategies Informed By Memory Concepts 193 Divided Attention 193 Working Memory 193 Levels of Processing 194 Elaboration 194 Distinctiveness 195 Encoding Specificity 196 Memory Strategies Ii: Practice And Mnemonics 198 Memory Strategies Emphasizing Practice 198 Distributed Practice Effect 198 Testing Effect 199 Mnemonics Using Imagery 201 Mnemonics Using Organization 203 Chunking 203 Hierarchy Technique 203 First-Letter Technique 205 Narrative Technique 205 Prospective Memory 205 Comparing Prospective and Retrospective Memory 206 Absentmindedness and Prospective Memory Failures 206 Suggestions for Improving Prospective Memory 207 Metamemory 210 Accuracy of Metamemory 211 Metamemory: Estimating the Accuracy for Total Score Versus the Accuracy for Individual Items 211 Metamemory: Estimating the Score Immediately Versus After a Delay 212 Metamemory About Factors Affecting Memory Accuracy 213 Metamemory and the Regulation of Study Strategies 214 Allocating Time When the Task Is Easy 215 Allocating Time When the Task Is Difficult 215 Conclusions About the Regulation of Study Strategies 216 Tip-of-the-Tongue and Feeling-of-Knowing Effects 216 Tip-of-the-Tongue Effect 216 Feeling of Knowing 218 Metacomprehension 219 Metacomprehension Accuracy 219 Improving Metacomprehension 221 Chapter Review Questions 225 Keywords 226 Recommended Readings 227 CHAPTER 7 Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps 229 Chapter Introduction 230 Classical Research on Visual Imagery 230 Overview of Mental Imagery 230 Mental Rotation 232 Subsequent Research on Mental Rotation 234 Cognitive Neuroscience Research on Mental Rotation Tasks 236 The Imagery Debate 236 Visual Imagery and Ambiguous Figures 238 Summary 241 Factors That Influence Visual Imagery 242 Distance and Shape Effects on Visual Imagery 242 Visual Imagery and Interference 245 Visual Imagery and Other Vision-Like Processes 245 Gender Comparisons in Spatial Ability 246 Auditory Imagery 249 Auditory Imagery and Pitch 250 Auditory Imagery and Timbre 251 Cognitive Maps 252 Distance and Shape Effects on Cognitive Maps 255 Distance Estimates and Number of Intervening Cities 255 Distance Estimates and Category Membership 256 Distance Estimates and Landmarks 257 Cognitive Maps and Shape 258 Relative Position Effects on Cognitive Maps 258 The Rotation Heuristic 259 The Alignment Heuristic 260 Creating a Cognitive Map 261 The Spatial Framework Model 262 The Situated Cognition Approach 264 Chapter Review Questions 267 Keywords 268 Recommended Readings 269 CHAPTER 8 General Knowledge 271 Chapter Introduction 272 Background and Approaches to Semantic Memory 272 The Prototype Approach 275 Characteristics of Prototypes 277 Levels of Categorization 279 Conclusions About the Prototype Approach 280 The Exemplar Approach 281 Comparing the Prototype and Exemplar Approaches 283 Network Models of Semantic Memory 285 Anderson's ACT-R Approach 285 The Parallel Distributed Processing Approach 288 Schemas and Scripts 295 Background on Schemas and Scripts 296 Schemas and Scripts 297 Identifying the Script in Advance 298 Schemas and Memory Selection 298 Schemas and Boundary Extension 303 Schemas and Memory Abstraction 304 The Constructive Approach 305 The Pragmatic Approach 305 The Current Status of Schemas and Memory Abstraction 306 Schemas and Memory Integration 307 The Classic Research on Memory Integration 307 Research About Memory Integration Based on Gender Stereotypes 308 Summary 312 Chapter Review Questions 315 Keywords 316 Recommended Readings 317 CHAPTER 9 Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension 319 Chapter Introduction 320 Overview of Psycholinguistics 320 Relevant Terminology and Background On Language 321 Basic Facts about Human Language 322 A Brief History of Psycholinguistics 324 Chomsky's Approach 324 Reactions to Chomsky's Theory 325 Psycholinguistic Theories that Emphasize Meaning 326 On-Line Sentence Comprehension 328 Negation and the Passive Voice 328 Syntactic Complexity 329 Lexical and Syntactic Ambiguity 331 Lexical Ambiguity 331 Syntactic Ambiguity 332 Brain and Language 337 General Considerations 337 Aphasia 338 Revisiting Broca's Area 340 Hemispheric Specialization 342 The Mirror System 344 Reading 346 Comparing Written and Spoken Language 347 Reading Words: Theoretical Approaches 348 The Direct-Access Route 349 The Indirect-Access Route 349 Implications for Teaching Reading to Children 350 Discourse comprehension 353 Forming an Integrated Representation of the Text 354 Drawing Inferences During Reading 355 The Constructionist View of Inferences 356 Factors That Encourage Inferences 357 Higher-Level Inferences 358 Teaching Metacomprehension Skills 358 Test Anxiety and Reading Comprehension 359 Chapter Review Questions 363 Keywords 364 Recommended Readings 365 CHAPTER 10 Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism 367 Chapter Introduction 368 Speaking I: Overview of Production Processes 368 Producing a Word 369 Speech Errors 370 Types of Slip-of-the-Tongue Errors 370 Explanations for Speech Errors 371 Producing a Sentence 372 Producing Discourse 373 Speaking II: Language Production and Naturalistic Communication 374 Using Gestures: Embodied Cognition 374 The Social Context of Language Production 378 Common Ground 378 Directives 380 Framing 382 Language Production and Writing 383 The Role of Working Memory In Writing 384 Planning a Formal Writing Assignment 385 Sentence Generation During Writing 386 The Revision Phase of Writing 387 Bilingualism 388 Background on Bilingualism 388 The Social Context of Bilingualism 390 Advantages (and Minor Disadvantages) of Bilingualism 391 Proficiency and Second Language Acquisition 394 Second-Language Proficiency 394 Vocabulary 394 Phonology 394 Grammar 396 Simultaneous Interpreters and Working Memory 397 Chapter Review Questions 402 Keywords 403 Recommended Readings 403 CHAPTER 11 Problem Solving and Creativity 405 Chapter Introduction 406 Understanding the Problem 406 Paying Attention to Important Information 408 Methods of Representing the Problem 408 Symbols 409 Matrices 410 Diagrams 411 Visual Images 413 Situated and Embodied Cognition Perspectives on Problem Solving 413 Situated Cognition 414 Embodied Cognition 414 Problem-Solving Strategies 416 The Analogy Approach 417 The Structure of the Analogy Approach 418 Factors that Encourage Appropriate Use of Analogies 419 The Means-Ends Heuristic 419 Research on the Means-Ends Heuristic 419 Computer Simulation 420 The Hill-Climbing Heuristic 421 Factors That Influence Problem Solving 422 Expertise 423 Knowledge Base 423 Memory 423 Problem-Solving Strategies 424 Speed and Accuracy 425 Metacognitive Skills 425 Mental Set 425 Functional Fixedness 426 Gender Stereotypes and Math Problem Solving 427 The Nature of Stereotype Threat 428 Research with Asian American Females 428 Research with European American Females 429 Potential Explanations 429 Insight Versus Noninsight Problems 431 The Nature of Insight 431 Metacognition During Problem Solving 432 Advice About Problem Solving 432 Creativity 434 Guilford's Classic Approach to Creativity 436 The Nature of Creativity 436 Extrinsic Motivation and Creativity 437 Intrinsic Motivation and Creativity 437 Chapter Review Questions 442 Recommended Readings 443 Keywords 443 CHAPTER 12 Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making 445 Chapter Introduction 446 Deductive Reasoning 446 An Overview of Conditional Reasoning 448 Difficulties with Linguistically Negative Information 451 Difficulties with Abstract Reasoning Problems 451 The Belief-Bias Effect 451 The Confirmation Bias 452 The Standard Wason Selection Task 453 Concrete Versions of the Wason Selection Task 454 Applications in Medicine 454 Further Perspectives 455 Decision Making I: Overview of Heuristics 456 The Representativeness Heuristic 457 Sample Size and Representativeness 459 Base Rate and Representativeness 460 The Conjunction Fallacy and Representativeness 461 The Availability Heuristic 463 Recency and Availability 465 Familiarity and Availability 465 The Recognition Heuristic 466 Illusory Correlation and Availability 466 The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic 468 Research on the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic 471 Estimating Confidence Intervals 471 Current Status of Heuristics and Decision Making 473 Decision Making II: Applications of Decision-Making Research 474 The Framing Effect 475 Background Information and the Framing Effect 476 The Wording of a Question and the Framing Effect 477 Overconfidence About Decisions 478 General Studies on Overconfidence 479 Overconfidence in Political Decision Making 480 Overconfidence About Completing Projects on Time 480 Reasons for Overconfidence 481 The Hindsight Bias 482 Research About the Hindsight Bias 482 Explanations for the Hindsight Bias 483 Decision-Making Style and Psychological Well-Being 484 Hypothetical Decision Making: How Should Wealth Be Distributed? 486 Chapter Review Questions 489 Keywords 490 Recommended Readings 491 CHAPTER 13 Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan 493 Chapter Introduction 494 The Lifespan Development of Memory 495 Memory in Infants 495 Recognizing Mother 496 Conjugate Reinforcement 496 Memory in Children 499 Children's Working Memory 500 Children's Long-Term Memory 500 Children's Memory Strategies 503 Children's Eyewitness Testimony 505 Children's Intellectual Abilities and Eyewitness Testimony 508 Memory in Elderly People 509 Working Memory in Elderly People 509 Long-Term Memory in Elderly People 510 Explanations for Age Differences in Memory 512 The Lifespan Development of Metamemory 515 Metamemory in Children 515 Children's Understanding of How Memory Works 515 Children's Awareness That Effort Is Necessary 516 Children's Judgments About Their Memory Performance 517 Children's Metamemory: The Relationship Between Metamemory and Memory Performance 517 Metamemory in Elderly People 519 Beliefs About Memory 519 Memory Monitoring 519 Awareness of Memory Problems 520 The Development of Language 521 Language in Infants 522 Speech Perception During Infancy 522 Language Comprehension During Infancy 523 Language Production During Infancy 525 Adults' Language to Infants 525 Can Infants Learn Language from a DVD? 526 Language in Children 527 Words 528 Morphology 529 Syntax 529 Pragmatics 530 Chapter Review Questions 535 Keywords 536 Recommended Readings 536 Glossary 537 Reference 555 Index 000

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Sku

CIN1118983289G

ISBN 13

9781118983287

ISBN 10

1118983289

Title

Cognition by Margaret W. Matlin

Author

Margaret W. Matlin

Condition

Used - Good

Binding type

Paperback

Publisher

John Wiley & Sons Inc

Year published

2015-11-10

Number of pages

608

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Book picture is for illustrative purposes only, actual binding, cover or edition may vary.

Note

This is a used book - there is no escaping the fact it has been read by someone else and it will show signs of wear and previous use. Overall we expect it to be in good condition, but if you are not entirely satisfied please get in touch with us

Cognition Margaret W. Matlin

Cognition by Margaret W. Matlin

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Cognition by Margaret W. Matlin

About Margaret W. Matlin

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