Neuroscience Fundamentals for Communication Sciences and Disorders, Second Edition is a comprehensive textbook primarily designed for undergraduate neural bases or graduate neuroscience courses in communication sciences and disorders programs (CSD). The text can also be used as an accessible go-to reference for speech-language pathology and audiology clinical professionals practicing in medical and rehab settings. Written with an engaging and conversational style, the author uses humor and analogies to explain concepts that are often challenging for students. Complemented by more than 400 visually rich and beautifully drawn full-color illustrations, the book emphasizes brain and behavior relationships while also ensuring coverage of essential neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in an integrative fashion. With a comprehensive background in the principles, processes, and structures underlying the workings of the human nervous system, students and practitioners alike, will be able to better understand and apply brain-behavior relationships to make appropriate clinical assessments and treatment decisions.
Neuroscience Fundamentals for Communication Sciences and Disorders
Neuroscience Fundamentals for Communication Sciences and Disorders
Summary
Neuroscience Fundamentals for Communication Sciences and Disorders, Second Edition is a comprehensive textbook primarily designed for undergraduate neural bases or graduate neuroscience courses in communication sciences and disorders programs (CSD).
Neuroscience Fundamentals for Communication Sciences and Disorders Summary
About
Richard D. Andreatta, PhD, is an associate professor in Communication Sciences & Disorders (CSD) and Rehabilitation Sciences in the College of Health Sciences at the University of Kentucky, Lexington. Dr. Andreatta received his PhD in Speech Physiology and Neural Science from Indiana University, Bloomington, and completed postdoctoral work in animal laryngeal neurophysiology at the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Andreatta serves as the director of undergraduate studies in CSD and teaches courses in the speech sciences, speech anatomy & physiology, communication neuroscience, rehabilitation neuroplasticity, and dynamic systems theory. Dr. Andreatta is a recipient of the University of Kentucky Great Teacher Award and the UK College of Health Sciences Kingston Award for Teaching Excellence. Dr. Andreatta's research interests include sensory neuroscience and psychophysics in the orofacial system, laryngeal muscle biology, and the neurophysiology of speech production. Dr. Andreatta lives in Lexington, Kentucky with his wife, three children and golden retriever.
Table of Contents
Preface About the Illustrator: Maury Aaseng Contributors Reviewers Acknowledgments Section 1. Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Foundations Chapter 1. Introduction and Organization of Neuroscience Fundamentals in Communication Sciences and Disorders Richard D. Andreatta What Is Neuroscience? What Is This Book About? The View From 30,000 Feet Up Overview of Section 1: Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Foundations Overview of Section 2: Sensory Systems Overview of Section 3: Motor Systems Overview of Section 4: Neural Substrates of Speech, Language, and Hearing Study Strategies and Tips Closing Thoughts Chapter 2. Basic Structure and Function of Neurons Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives Discovery of Two Classes of Cells in the Nervous System The Neuron Neurons Are Made for Signaling and Communication Neurons Never Function Alone Neurons Perform Fundamental Activities Reflexes Provide a Window Into the Fundamental Operation of Neural Networks Nerve Cells Have Different Shapes, Sizes, and Functions Structural Features of the Neuron Soma, Cell Membrane, and Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Mitochondria Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus The Nucleus Mediates the Process of Gene Expression Axons and Dendrites The Glial Cell Glial Cells Are Divided Into Two Major Functional Groups Conclusion The Top Ten List Chapter 2 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 3. Basics of Neural Signaling and Synaptic Function Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives Foundations of Neural Signaling: The Nature of Information in the Nervous System Electronics 101 Gradients: Putting Substances Into Motion Developing an Electrical Gradient Voltage, Current, and Resistance The Fluid Environment of the Neuron: Intracellular and Extracellular Composition Ion Channels: Tunnels Across the Neuron's Cell Membrane Ion Channels Can Control the Motion of Ions Ion Channels Can Gate Ionic Currents in Three Ways Some Ion Channels Are Always Open Ion Pumps Are Active Transporters of Ions Across the Neuron's Cell Membrane Understanding Membrane Potentials Membrane Voltages Are Created by a Separation of Charges Vm Can Be Changed by Ionic Gradients and Currents Development of the Neuron's Resting Membrane Potential The Action Potential Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Are Chiefly Responsible for AP Generation Voltage-Gated Na+ and K+ Channels Differ in Their Opening Speed The Action Potential in "Action" Propagation of the Action Potential Down the Axon Synapses: The Point of Communication Between Neurons Electrical Synapses Allow For Virtually Instantaneous Signal Transmission Chemical Synapses: The Workhorse of the Nervous System Structure of the Chemical Synapse Chemical Synapse Function: Transmission Phase Chemical Synapse Function: Receptive Phase Postsynaptic Receptors Belong to Two Different Functional Classes Ending Chemical Synaptic Transmission: "Cleaning Up After the Party" Neurotransmitters Can Be Divided Into a Handful of Chemical Classes A Few Final Words on Neurotransmission Neural Integration: Closing (and Opening) the Neural Signaling Loop The "Government Analogy" of Neural Integration in the Postsynaptic Cell Concluding Thoughts on Neurobiology The Top Ten List Chapter 3 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 4. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: Anatomical Nomenclature, Embryology, the Spinal Cord, and the Brainstem Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives Getting Around the Nervous System: Anatomical Planes and Orientations Anatomical Orientations Anatomical Planes Gray Versus White Matter in the Nervous System Gray Matter in the CNS and PNS White Matter Consists of Bundles of Axons A Brief Tour of the Embryologic Development of the Nervous System The Human Embryo is a Multilayered Collection of Cells Neural Crest and Neural Tube Cells Differentiate Into the PNS and CNS Major Anatomical Structures and Functions of the Human Central Nervous System The Skull and Vertebral Column House and Protect the Tissues of the CNS The Spinal Cord External Spinal Cord Structures Internal Spinal Cord Structures: Gray Matter Internal Spinal Cord Structures: White Matter The Brainstem: An Overview The Medulla Medulla: External Features Medulla: Internal Features The Pons Pons: External Features Pons: Internal Features The Mesencephalon Mesencephalon: External Features Mesencephalon: Internal Features The Top Ten List Chapter 4 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 5. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: Cranial Nerve Systems Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives Organization of the Cranial Nerves and Nuclei in the Brainstem Functional Classifications of the Cranial Nerves Motor: General Somatic Efferent (GSE) Motor: Special Visceral Efferent (SVE) Motor: General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Sensory: General Somatic Afferent (GSA) Sensory: General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Sensory: Special Somatic Afferent (SSA) Sensory: Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) Cranial Nerves: Normal and Disordered Functions CN I: Olfactory (SVA) CN II: Optic (SSA) CN III: Oculomotor (GSE and GVE) CN IV: Trochlear (GSE) CN V: Trigeminal (GSA and SVE) CN VI: Abducens (GSE) CN VII: Facial (SVE, GVE, SVA, GSA) CN VIII: Auditory-Vestibular (SSA) CN IX: Glossopharyngeal (SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA) CN X: Vagus (SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA) CN XI: Spinal Accessory (SVE) CN XII: Hypoglossal (GSE) The Top Ten List Chapter 5 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 6. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: The Diencephalon, Cerebrum, and the Cerebral Cortex Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives The Diencephalon The Thalamus: "Gatekeeper" of Ascending Information to the Cerebral Cortex The Thalamus Is a Collection of Nuclei With Unique Inputs and Outputs The Hypothalamus: "CEO" of the Body's Homeostatic Regulatory Systems The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis (HPA) Operates as a Feedback Control System Hypothalamus Consists of Numerous Nuclei With Unique Operations Hypothalamic Nuclei Participate in a Wide Range of Homeostatic Functions The Cerebrum: The Center of Our Lives and Who We Are The Lobes of the Cerebrum The Frontal Lobe: The Cognitive and Motor Control Center of the Cerebrum Frontal Lobe: Anatomical Features Frontal Lobe: Functional Features The Parietal Lobe: Multimodal Sensory Center of the Cerebrum Parietal Lobe: Anatomical Features Parietal Lobe: Functional Features The Temporal Lobe: The "Can You Hear Me Now" and "What am I" Cerebral Region Temporal Lobe: Anatomical Features Temporal Lobe: Functional Features The Occipital Lobe: The Visual Center of the Cerebrum Occipital Lobe: Anatomical Features Occipital Lobe: Functional Features The Insula: Is It a Lobe or Not? The Cerebral Cortex Anatomical Features of the Cerebral Cortex Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: Brodmann's Areas and Cortical Columns The Cortex Is Arranged to Support Serial and Parallel Processing of Information The Cortex Is Organized to Support Cognition Parietal Association Areas Mediate Visual Guidance, Spatial Awareness, and Attention Temporal Association Areas Recognize Complex Objects Phineas Gage and the Iron Spike: An Accidental Study of the Frontal Association Area The Limbic System (Limbic Association Area): Emotional Center of the Brain Hippocampal Formation Is Involved in Spatial Learning and Long-Term Memory Hippocampal Formation Anatomy: Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, and Subiculum Amygdala Mediates Threat, Anxiety, and Aggressive Behaviors Anterior Cingulate Gyrus: At the Crossroads of Emotion and Cognition Septal Area: Key Component of CNS's Reward System Interhemispheric Connectivity and Cerebral Dominance The Top Ten List Chapter 6 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 7. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: White Matter Tracts, Protective Infrastructure, and the Brain's Blood Supply Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives Connectivity and White Matter Pathways of the CNS Association Fibers Interconnect Areas Within a Hemisphere Commissural Fibers Link Brain Regions Across the Midline Projection Fibers Shuttle Information to and From the Brain Protecting the CNS From Harm: The Meninges and the Ventricular System The Meninges The Ventricular System The Vascular System of the Brain Neurovascular Complex Is Divided Into Arterial and Venous Systems Anterior Arterial System Posterior Arterial System Venous System Sinuses Drain Deoxygenated Blood Back to the Heart Vascular Pathology Can Arise From Three General Situations Aneurysms and Hemorrhagic Stroke Ischemic Events Arteriovenous Malformations The Top Ten List Chapter 7 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Section 2. Sensory Systems Chapter 8. Basics Principles of Sensation and Perception Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives Sensation Versus Perception Nervous Systems Are Far From Ideal to Sense and Perceive Perception Requires Filtering, Selection, Inference, and Prediction Sensations Are Processed by Sensory Systems Quantifying Sensation and Perception All Sensory Events Possess Four Basic Attributes Related to Perception Modality: What Is the Stimulus? Location: Where Is the Stimulus? Intensity: How Strong Is the Stimulus? Duration: How Long Does the Stimulus Last? Sensation and Perception Are Actively Regulated by the CNS The Top Ten List Chapter 8 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 9. The Somatosensory System: Touch, Proprioception, Temperature, and Pain Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives The Somatosensory System: An Overview The Peripheral Somatosensory Apparatus: Sensory Receptors and the Primary Afferent Cutaneous Tactile Receptors of the Somatosensory System Proprioception Sense Is Mediated by Sensory Endings in the Musculoskeletal System Temperature Reception Depends on the Expression of Different Types of Ion Channels Nociception and the Perceptual Response of Pain Axon Features of the Primary Afferent That Transmits Inputs Centrally Dermatomes and the Trigeminal Innervation Zones Central Somatosensory Pathways Dorsal-Column Medial Lemniscal System: Touch and Proprioception From the Body Anterolateral System: Noxious and Temperature Sensation Trigeminal System Manages All Forms of Somatosensation From the Face and Head The Somatosensory Cortex Structural and Functional Features of the Somatosensory Cortex S1 Possesses Four Complete Cortical Body Representations Speech-Related Activity of S1 Outputs From the Somatosensory Cortical Areas Posterior Parietal Lobe Receives Inputs From Primary and 2nd Somatosensory Areas Neuroplasticity: Changes to the Structure and Function of the Brain Somatosensory Cortex Receives Diffuse Projections From the Thalamus S1 Plasticity as a Function of Enriched Experiences The Timing of Sensory Inputs Are Critical Factors in Changing Cortical Representations Implication of the Neuroplasticity Literature to Rehabilitation The Top Ten List Chapter 9 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 10. Auditory-Vestibular System: Inner Ear Transduction Mechanisms for Sound and Balance Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives A Quick Summary of Acoustic Transduction in the Outer and Middle Ear The Inner Ear and the Cochlea Basilar Membrane Is a Frequency Analyzer Organ of Corti Is the Chief Site for Transduction of Auditory Inputs Hair Cell Structural and Functional Features Stereocilia Are Key Elements for Signal Transduction in the Hair Cell Mechanotransduction Mechanism for Acoustic Signals in the Cochlea Stereocilia Shearing and Hair Cell Receptor Activation Auditory Nerve Transmits HC Receptor Potential Changes to the Cochlear Nuclei Auditory Nerve Firing Encodes Acoustic Intensity and Frequency If the IHC Is the True Sensory Receptor, Why Do OHCs Exist? The Vestibular System Otolith Organs Transduce Linear Motion Semicircular Canals Measure Angular Acceleration Central Vestibular Pathway Vestibulo-Ocular Response Is Critical for Keeping Your Eyes on the Target The Top Ten List Chapter 10 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 11. The Visual System Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives The Nature of Light in Our Environment The Peripheral Visual Apparatus: Anatomical Overview of the Eye Gross Anatomy of the Anterior Eye Gross Anatomy of the Posterior Eye Visual Fields The Retina Of Rods and Cones: Light Transduction in the Retina Rods Mediate Vision During Dim and Nighttime Lighting Cones Mediate Spatial Acuity and Color Vision in Bright Light Conditions Phototransduction Mechanism Photoreceptors Differentially Activate ON- or OFF-Bipolar Cells Signal Integration and Convergence Through the Retinal Layers Retinal Ganglion Cells Form the Beginning of Different Visual Processing Streams The Central Visual Pathway Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons Become the Fibers of the Optic Nerve, Chiasm, and Tract Optic Tract Neurons Project Principally to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus The Primary Visual Cortex Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams The Dorsal Visual Processing Stream The Ventral Visual Processing Stream Visual Field and Pathway Deficits Noncortical Visual System Projections From the Retina The Top Ten List Chapter 11 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 12. The Chemical Senses: Olfactory and Gustatory Systems, and the Neural Substrate of Swallowing Richard D. Andreatta and Nicole M. Etter Introduction and Learning Objectives Olfactory System: An Overview Olfactory Receptors and the Transduction of Odorants ORN Cilia Are Susceptible to Environmental Pollutants Odorant Transduction Requires G-Coupled Receptors Odorants Are Detected by Different Combinations of ORN Receptors Olfactory Bulb Consists of Glomeruli Olfactory Bulb Projection Neurons Target the Olfactory Cortex Gustatory System: An Overview Gustatory Receptors and Transduction Distribution of Taste Sensitivity Across the Surface of the Tongue Taste Buds Consist of Collections of Taste Receptor Cells Tastant Transduction Process Salty and Sour Tastants Are Transduced by Ion Channels Sweet, Bitter, and Umami Transduction Uses G-Coupled Protein Receptors Central Gustatory Pathway Central Representation of Taste Dysfunction in the Chemical Senses Chemosensory Changes Associated With Typical Aging Chemosensory Changes Associated With Surgical Intervention Chemosensory Changes Associated With Injury or Disease The Neural Substrate of Normal Feeding and Swallowing The Aerodigestive Tract Supports Different Modes of Behavior Brief Overview of the Process for Feeding and Swallowing Oral Preparatory and Oral Transport Phases of Swallowing Pharyngeal and Esophageal Phases of Swallowing Neural Elements Participating in the Process of Swallowing Olfactory Nerve Contribution Trigeminal Nerve Contribution Facial Nerve Contribution Glossopharyngeal Nerve Contribution Vagus Nerve Contribution Hypoglossal Nerve Contribution Spinal Nerve Contribution Brainstem Respiratory Centers Are Voluntarily Modulated During Swallowing Cortical and Subcortical Control of Swallowing Control and Function of the Swallowing Central Pattern Generator The Top Ten List Chapter 12 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Section 3. Motor Systems Chapter 13. Muscle Tissue: Structure, Mechanisms of Contraction, and the Motor Unit Richard D. Andreatta and Timothy Butterfield Introduction and Learning Objectives Types of Muscle Tissue Hierarchical Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue: From Bundle to Fiber The Muscle Fiber (Cell) Internal Structure of the Muscle Fiber Organization and Structure of the Myofibril Myofibrils Are Serial Collections of Sarcomeres Molecular Subcomponents of the Sarcomere Structure and Function of Myosin The Function of Actin and Accessory Proteins in the Sarcomere Titin: A Giant Among Proteins Neuromuscular Junction Mediates the Neural Signal That Starts Muscle Contraction Contraction Physiology: Excitation-Coupling in the Muscle Fiber Contraction Physiology: Cross-Bridge Formation Length-Tension Relationship of Muscle Tissue Investigating the Contraction Properties of Muscle Tissue Muscle Forces Increase With Firing Rate of the Lower Motoneuron Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types The Motor Unit Size Principle of Motor Unit Recruitment Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Alpha-Gamma Coactivation The Top Ten List Chapter 13 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 14. Motor Control Systems of the CNS Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives Neuromotor Control Elements of the CNS: Direct Versus Indirect Systems Descending Tracts of the Direct Motor Control System Descending Motor Pathways From the Cerebrum: Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts Anatomical Course of the Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways Corticospinal Tract: Course and Function Corticobulbar Tract: Course and Function The Curious Case of UMN Versus LMN Facial Palsy Descending Motor Pathways Originating From the Brainstem Rubrospinal Tract Vestibulospinal Tract Reticulospinal Tract Tectospinal Tract Cerebral Motor Area Underlying Voluntary Control Organization and Functional Mapping of M1 Discovery of the Inner Workings of M1 Different Neuron Firing Patterns in M1 M1 Uses Population Codes to Generate Higher-Order Performance Features of an Action Sensory Inputs to M1 Provide Real-Time Information About Body's Current State Developing a Broader Understanding of Action and Behavioral Performance The Premotor Cortex PMA Activity Is Strongly Associated With Upper Limb and Hand Action Supplementary Motor Area Activity Is a Necessary Element for Speech Motor Control The Cingulate Motor Map Links Action to Emotion Neuroplasticity in Motor Maps of the Cortex Deficits in Motor Control Can Result From Damage to Upper or Lower Motoneurons Indirect Motor Control Systems Basal Ganglia is a Selector of Movement The Caudate and Putamen and Their Connections Globus Pallidus and Its Connections Subthalamic Nucleus and Its Connections Substantia Nigra and Its Connections Schematic Organization and Functional Overview of the BG Nuclei The Direct and Indirect Pathways of the Basal Ganglia Direct Pathway Operation in the BG Indirect Pathway Operation in the BG Role of the SNpc in the BG Lesions to the Basal Ganglia Can Produce Hypo- or Hyperkinetic Deficits Hypokinetic Disorders of the BG Are Related to Indirect Pathway Influence Hyperkinetic Disorders of the BG Are Related to Direct Pathway Overactivity Complexity of Basal Ganglia Interconnections Complicates the Simple Correlation Between Structure, Lesion and Behavioral Effects Cerebellum Operates to Coordinate and Refine Movements External and Internal Anatomical Features of the Cerebellum Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum and Their Input/Output Pathways Functional Cerebellar Areas Form Processing Circuits Vestibulocerebellar Circuit Spinocerebellar Circuit Cerebrocerebellar Circuit Consequences of Cerebellar Lesion Reveals the Operation of the System The Autonomic Nervous System is the Motor Control System for Homeostasis Pathway Organization of the Sympathetic System Pathway Organization of the Parasympathetic System The Top Ten List Chapter 14 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 15. Introduction to Motor Learning and Control Principles of Behavior Patrick O. McKeon and Richard D. Andreatta Introduction and Learning Objectives The Understanding of Motor Control Began With an Idea What Exactly Is Motor Control? From Perception to Action Foundations of Motor Control Theory Two Systems of Motor Control: Open-Loop Systems Two Systems of Motor Control: Closed-Loop Systems The Importance of Reflexes in Motor Control: Insights by Sir Charles Sherrington Nikolai Bernstein: A Russian Revolutionary Figure in Motor Control Bernstein's Problem and Motor Equivalence From Bernstein to Current Motor Control Theories The General Motor Program Theory The Dynamic Systems Theory of Motor Control Contrasting Motor Program Theory and Dynamic Systems Theory Perception and Action Are Coupled According to Dynamic Systems Theory The Dynamics of Motor Skill Acquisition An Example of Sensorimotor Skill Acquisition: Learning to Dance Concluding Thoughts on Motor Control Theory The Top Ten List Chapter 15 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Section 4. Neural Substrates of Speech, Language, and Hearing Chapter 16. Neural Substrate of Speech and Voice Stephen M. Tasko Introduction and Learning Objectives Speech and Vocalization Are Complex Behaviors Neural Substrates of Speech and Vocalization: How Do We Know What We Know? Peripheral Nerves Involved in Speech and Vocalization Efferent Pathways Respiratory Subsystem Phonatory Subsystem Velopharyngeal Subsystem Oral Articulatory Subsystem Descending Pathways Onto Speech Motor Neuron Pools Afferent Pathways Subcortical Structures Involved in Vocalization Reticular Formation Periaqueductal Gray Matter Thalamus (Ventrobasal Complex) Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Cortical Bases of Speech Motor Control and Vocalization Primary Motor and Somatosensory Cortices Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Broca's Area) Supplementary Motor Areas Anterior Cingulate Cortex Supramarginal Gyrus Insula Neural Basis of Auditory Processing and Perception of Speech Sensorimotor Adaptation During Speech Production Putting it All Together: Computational Models of Speech Production The Directions Into Velocities of Articulators Model (DIVA) DIVA - Feedfoward and Feedback Control System Operation The Development and Refinement of Speech Motor Abilities Selected Neurological Disorders of Speech and Vocalization Aphasias Motor Speech Disorders: Dysarthrias Other Speech Production Deficits The Top Ten List Chapter 16 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 17. Neural Substrate of Language Jessica D. Richardson and Sarah Grace H. Dalton Introduction and Learning Objectives Language: What Is it Really? Neuroscience and Language Acquisition Neuroscience and Language Evolution Brain Areas Involved in Language Processing Models of Language Production The "Classic" Language Model: Wernicke-Geschwind Model Dual Path Models of Language Processing Models of Communication, Language Evolution, and Development Neurological Factors and Correlated Features of Language Disorders Aphasias Dementia Traumatic Brain Injuries Right Hemisphere Harnessing the Ability of the Brain to Change for Language Rehabilitation Neuroplasticity and Constraint-Induced Therapy Approaches The Original Idea: Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Constraint-Induced Language Therapy Neural Substrate of Language Recovery Following Stroke Parting Thoughts on the Neurorehabilitation of Language The Top Ten List Chapter 17 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Chapter 18. Neural Substrate of Hearing: Central Auditory Pathway and the Auditory Cortices Anne D. Olson Introduction and Learning Objectives Central Auditory Pathway Supports Auditory Skills We Use Daily An Analogy: The CAP as a Highway System The Central Auditory Pathway Cochlear Nucleus (CN): Anatomy and Physiology CN Cell Types, Responses, and Function Frequency Preservation in the CN Temporal Preservation in the CN Intensity Preservation in the CN Superior Olivary Complex: Anatomy and Physiology Low-Frequency Sound Localization Is Processed in the MSOC High-Frequency Sound Localization Requires Action of the LSOC and MNTB SOC Allows for the Integration of Sounds From Both Ears Lateral Lemniscus: Anatomy and Physiology Inferior Colliculus: Anatomy and Physiology Medial Geniculate Body: Anatomy and Physiology Auditory Cortical Areas The Primary Auditory Cortex Deeper Insights Into the Properties of the Primary Auditory Cortex Role of the Auditory Cortex in Speech and Vocalization The Secondary Auditory Cortex The Auditory Association Areas Neuroimaging of the Human Auditory Cortex Reveals Distinct Features Surprise! The Auditory System Has Efferent Pathways Stapedial Reflex Response is Mediated Through the SOC Function of the Olivocochlear Bundle The Auditory Brainstem Response Conclusion The Top Ten List Chapter 18 Abbreviations Study Questions and Activities References Glossary Index
Additional information
NPB9781635503593
9781635503593
1635503590
Neuroscience Fundamentals for Communication Sciences and Disorders: 2024 by
New
Hardback
Plural Publishing Inc
2022-10-28
802
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