Note on Contributors xi
Introduction xv
Part 1 Advanced Practice as a Global Phenomenon
1 The Conceptualization of Advanced Practice 3
Paula McGee and Chris Inman
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Competence 5
1.3 Variations in Advanced Practice 12
1.4 Conclusion 15
References 16
2 An International Perspective of Advanced Nursing Practice 19
Madrean Schober
2.1 Introduction: Overview of Advanced Nursing Practice 20
2.2 Advanced Nursing Practice Defined: An International Position 20
2.3 Drivers and Motivation 23
2.4 Influence of International Organizations 24
2.5 Regional and Country Profiles of Advanced Nursing Practice 26
2.6 Country-specific Initiatives 28
2.7 International Collaboration for a New Initiative 30
2.8 Controversial Issues 31
2.9 Challenges 33
2.10 Conclusion 36
References 37
3 Development of Advanced Practice Nursing Roles in the Netherlands 39
Christine de Vries de Winter
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 The Dutch Healthcare System 40
3.3 Development of Advanced Nursing Practice in the Netherlands 41
3.4 Regulation of Advanced Practice 42
3.5 Preparation of Advanced Nurse Practitioners 42
3.6 Issues in Advanced Practice in the Netherlands 45
3.7 Education 46
3.8 The Future of Advanced Nursing Practice: Innovation in Healthcare and Education 46
3.9 Conclusion 48
References 49
4 Advanced Practice in Nursing and Midwifery: The Contribution to Healthcare in Australia 51
Grainne Lowe and Virginia Plummer
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Advanced Practice in Australia 52
4.3 Current Issues in Advanced Practice in Australia 57
4.4 Advanced Practice in Midwifery 60
4.5 Conclusion 61
References 62
5 Influences on the Development of Advanced Nursing Practice in the UK 65
Paula McGee
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 The National Health Service in the UK 66
5.3 Health Policy 67
5.4 Influence of Health Policies and Reform of the National Health Service 67
5.5 Influence of Nursing Strategies 71
5.6 Influence of Nursing Organizations 73
5.7 Conclusion 79
References 80
Part 2 Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions
6 The Development of Advanced Practice in the Allied Health Professions in the UK 85
Paula McGee
6.1 Introduction 85
6.2 Background to the Development of Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 87
6.3 Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 90
6.4 Advanced Practice in Physiotherapy 90
6.5 Advanced Practice Paramedics 91
6.6 Current Issues in Advanced Practice in Allied Health Professions 92
6.7 Conclusion 98
References 99
7 Advanced Practice in the Radiography Professions 101
Nick White and Helen White
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 Worldwide Variation in the Adoption of Advanced Practice in Radiography 102
7.3 Four-tier Service and Advanced Practice in Radiography 102
7.4 Educational Preparation for Advanced Practice Roles in Radiography 104
7.5 Defining Advanced Practice - Do Role Specialism and Role Extension in Radiography Truly Lead to Advanced Practice? 105
7.6 Taking Stock: The Deployment of Advanced Practitioners within the Diagnostic Imaging, Radiotherapy, and Ultrasound Communities of Practice 107
7.7 Future Developments and Opportunities 110
7.8 Conclusion 112
References 113
8 Advanced Practice in Speech and Language Therapy 115
Susan Beaumont
8.1 Introduction 115
8.2 The Role of the Advanced Practitioner Speech and Language Therapist 120
8.3 Current Challenges in Advanced Speech and Language Therapy 123
8.4 Conclusion 124
References 125
Part 3 The Advanced Practitioner in Direct Patient Care
9 Prescribing and Advanced Practice 131
Andrew Campbell
9.1 Introduction 131
9.2 The History of Non-medical Prescribing in the UK 132
9.3 Registered Non-medical Prescribers in England 133
9.4 Preparing for Prescribing 133
9.5 Who May Prescribe What? 135
9.6 The Principles of Effective Prescribing 138
9.7 Safety and Clinical Governance 141
9.8 The Future of Non-medical Prescribing 142
9.9 Conclusion 144
References 145
10 The Advanced Clinical Nurse Practitioner and Direct Care 147
Mary Hutchinson
10.1 Introduction 147
10.2 Holistic Health Assessment 154
10.3 Conclusion 155
References 156
11 The Advanced Critical Care Practitioner 159
Paula McGee and Jonathan Downham
11.1 Introduction 159
11.2 The Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 160
11.3 Scope of Practice 161
11.4 Competences for the Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 164
11.5 Processes in the Development of the Advanced Critical Care Practitioner Role 165
11.6 Current Issues in Advanced Critical Practice 169
11.7 Conclusion 170
References 171
12 The Interface between Advanced Nursing and Medical Practice 173
Lesley Kavi and Paula McGee
12.1 Introduction 173
12.2 General Practice in the UK 174
12.3 Current Issues in General Practice 175
12.4 Advanced Nursing Practice 176
12.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Advanced Nursing Practice in General Practice 181
12.6 Conclusion 184
References 185
Part 4 Developing Advanced Practitioners' Skills
13 Legal and Ethical Issues Related to Professional Practice 189
Nicola J Stock
13.1 Introduction 190
13.2 Ethical Theories 190
13.3 The Mental Capacity Act 194
13.4 Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards 195
13.5 Consent, Autonomy, and Advocacy 196
13.6 Negligence 197
13.7 Handling Complaints 199
13.8 Whistleblowing 200
13.9 Duty of Candor 201
13.10 Improving Care Quality 202
13.11 Conclusion 202
References 204
14 Advanced Practice in a Diverse Society 205
Paula McGee
14.1 Introduction 205
14.2 Human Rights 206
14.3 Tackling Discrimination 209
14.4 Advanced Practice Competences 213
14.5 A Way Forward - Having That Difficult Conversation 217
14.6 Conclusion 218
References 220
15 Educational and Professional Influences on Advanced and Consultant Practitioners 223
Chris Inman
15.1 Introduction 223
15.2 The Education of Advanced Practitioners in the UK 224
15.3 Collaboration with the Netherlands 225
15.4 Consultant Practitioners 227
15.5 Consultant Roles and Research 228
15.6 The Interface between Medicine and Advanced and Consultant Practitioners 229
15.7 The Advanced Practitioner's Role - Enhancing the Impact on Care 230
15.8 Conclusion 231
References 232
16 Assessment of Advanced Practice 235
Chris Inman
16.1 Introduction 235
16.2 Stages and Subject Areas of Advanced Practice Master's Courses in the UK 237
16.3 Advanced Health Assessments and OSCEs in Universities in the UK 239
16.4 OSCEs - Recent Published Research 241
16.5 Practice Assessments and Requirements for a Portfolio of Evidence 244
16.6 The Second and Third Stages of Assessment for a Master's Degree 246
16.7 End-point Assessment - Master's-degree Apprenticeship 246
16.8 Conclusion 247
References 248
17 Leadership in Advanced Practice 251
Paula McGee
17.1 Introduction 251
17.2 The Nature of Leadership 252
17.3 Attributes of the Leader 253
17.4 Leadership and Management 255
17.5 Leadership in Advanced Practice 255
17.6 Conclusion 262
References 263
18 Research Competence in Advanced Practice 265
Paula McGee
18.1 Introduction 265
18.2 Research Competence in Advanced Practice 266
18.3 Direct Patient Care 270
18.4 Publication of Research Results 273
18.5 An Agenda for Research 277
18.6 Conclusion 278
References 279
19 Conclusion: The Future for Advanced Practice 281
Paula McGee and Chris Inman
19.1 Introduction 281
19.2 Full Practice Authority 283
19.3 The Relationship with Medicine 284
19.4 The Preparation of Advanced Practitioners 285
References 286
Index 287
