PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
FACULTY AND STUDENT RESOURCES
INTRODUCTION
THE POWER OF ART AND THE IMPACT OF CONTEXT
WHAT IS ART?
Art and Aesthetics
ILLUSIONISM AND MEANING IN ART
CAN A MECHANICAL PROCESS BE ART?: PHOTOGRAPHY
CAN ARCHITECTURE COMMUNICATE IDEAS?
THE LANGUAGE OF ART
EXPERIENCING ART
PART ONE - THE ANCIENT WORLD
CHAPTER 1 Prehistoric Art
PALEOLITHIC ART
Interpreting Prehistoric Painting
Paleolithic Carving
NEOLITHIC ART
Settled Societies and Neolithic Art
Architecture: Tombs and Rituals
CHAPTER 2 Ancient Near Eastern Art
SUMERIAN ART
Temple Architecture: Linking Heaven and Earth
Sculpture
Visual Narratives
ART OF AKKAD
Sculpture: Power
NEO-SUMERIAN REVIVAL
BABYLONIAN ART
The Code of Hammurabi
ASSYRIAN ART
Art of Empire: Expressing Royal Power
LATE BABYLONIAN ART
IRANIAN ART
The Persian Empire: Cosmopolitan Heirs to the Mesopotamian Tradition
CHAPTER 3 Egyptian Art
PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC ART
The Palette of King Narmer
THE OLD KINGDOM: A GOLDEN AGE
Old Kingdom Funerary Complexes
The Pyramids at Giza: Reflecting a New Royal Role
Representing the Human Figure
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM: REASSERTING TRADITION THROUGH THE ARTS
Royal Portraiture: Changing Expressions and Proportions
THE NEW KINGDOM: RESTORED GLORY
Royal Burials in the Valley of the Kings
Temples to the Gods
AKHENATEN AND THE AMARNA STYLE
The Amarna Style
Tutankhamun and the Aftermath of Amarna
CHAPTER 4 Aegean Art
EARLY CYCLADIC ART
MINOAN ART
The Palace at Knossos
Wall Paintings: Representing Rituals and Nature
Minoan Pottery and Faience
Late Minoan Art
MYCENAEAN ART
Architecture: Citadels
Mycenaean Tombs and Their Contents
CHAPTER 5 Greek Art
THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK ART: THE GEOMETRIC STYLE
Geometric Style Pottery
THE ORIENTALIZING STYLE: HORIZONS EXPAND
ARCHAIC ART: ART OF THE CITY-STATE
The Rise of Monumental Temple Architecture
Temple Plans: Reading Architectural Drawings
The Greek Gods and Goddesses
Stone Sculpture
Architectural Sculpture: The Building Comes Alive
Greek Heroes and Civic Values
Vase Painting: Art of the Symposium
THE CLASSICAL AGE
Classical Sculpture
The Indirect Lost-Wax Process
Architecture and Sculpture on the Athenian Akropolis
THE LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD
Late Classical Architecture: Civic and Sacred
Late Classical Sculpture
THE AGE OF ALEXANDER AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD
Architecture: The Scholarly Tradition and Theatricality
Hellenistic Sculpture: Expression and Movement
Hellenistic Painting
CHAPTER 6 Etruscan Art
FUNERARY ART
Tombs and Their Contents
ARCHITECTURE
SCULPTURE
Dynamism in Terracotta and Bronze
CHAPTER 7 Roman Art
EARLY ROME AND THE REPUBLIC
Architecture: The Concrete Revolution
Arches
Sculpture
Relief Sculpture
Roman Values
THE EARLY EMPIRE
Portrait Sculpture
Relief Sculpture
Architecture
ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN THE PROVINCES
DOMESTIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE
Wall painting, mural, and fresco
THE LATE EMPIRE
Portrait Sculpture
Relief Sculpture
Architecture
LATE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE IN THE PROVINCES
PART TWO - THE MIDDLE AGES
CHAPTER 8 Early Christian, Byzantine, and Early Islamic Art
The Life of Jesus
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART
Christian Art before Constantine
Christian Art after the Official Recognition of Christianity
The Liturgy of the Mass
Versions of the Bible
BYZANTINE ART
Early Byzantine Art
The Iconoclastic Controversy
Middle Byzantine Art
Late Byzantine Art
ISLAMIC ART
Architecture
Islam: Beliefs and Practices
CHAPTER 9 Early Medieval Art
ANGLO-SAXON ART
The Animal Style
Metalwork
HIBERNO-SAXON ART
Manuscripts
CAROLINGIAN ART
Sculpture
Illuminated Books
Architecture
OTTONIAN ART
Architecture
Metalwork
Ivories and Manuscripts: Conveyors of Imperial Grandeur
Sculpture
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC STYLE
Religious Architecture
Luxury Arts
ISLAMIC ART AND THE PERSIAN INHERITANCE
Architecture
Figural Art Forms in Iran
CHAPTER 10 Romanesque Art
FIRST EXPRESSIONS OF ROMANESQUE STYLE
Architecture
Monumental Stone Sculpture
MATURE ROMANESQUE
Pilgrimage Churches and Their Art
Cluniac Architecture and Sculpture
Monasticism and Christian Monastic Orders
Spanish Islamic Art and Europe in the Middle Ages
Cistercian Architecture and Art
Wall Painting
Book Illustration
REGIONAL VARIANTS OF THE ROMANESQUE STYLE
Western France: Poitou
Southeastern France: Provence
Tuscany
Normandy and England
Women Artists and Patrons: Hildegard of Bingen
CHAPTER 11 Gothic Art
EARLY GOTHIC ART IN FRANCE
Saint-Denis: Suger and the Beginnings of Gothic Architecture
Dionysian Theology and the Abbey of Saint-Denis
Chartres Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
HIGH GOTHIC ART IN FRANCE
The Rebuilding of Chartres Cathedral
The Architect, the Master, and the Guild
Stained Glass
Reims Cathedral
RAYONNANT OR COURT STYLE
Sainte-Chapelle
Manuscript Illumination
LATE GOTHIC ART IN FRANCE
Mansucript Illumination
Sculpture
THE SPREAD OF GOTHIC ART
England
Germany
PART THREE - THE RENAISSANCE THROUGH THE ROCOCO: THE EARLY MODERN WORLD
CHAPTER 12 Art in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Italy
THE CITIES AND THE MENDICANTS
Franciscan Churches and Altarpieces
Urban Churches, Baptisteries, and Civic Buildings
NEW DIRECTIONS IN TUSCAN PAINTING
Giotto and the New Florentine Painting
Sienese Painting
LATE FOURTEENTH-CENTURY CRISES
Upheaval and Plague
Northern Italy: Milan
CHAPTER 13 Artistic Innovations in Fifteenth-Century Northern Europe
COURTLY ART: THE INTERNATIONAL GOTHIC
Artists at the French Courts
URBAN CENTERS AND THE NEW ART
Robert Campin
Jan van Eyck
Rogier van der Weyden
Hugo van der Goes in Ghent
Hieronymus Bosch
REGIONAL RESPONSES TO THE EARLY NETHERLANDISH STYLE
France
Central Europe
PAINTING AND THE GRAPHIC ARTS
Early Printmaking
CHAPTER 14 The Early Renaissance in Fifteenth-Century Italy
THE INSPIRATION OF ANTIQUITY IN FLORENCE
Brunelleschi and the Beginnings of Renaissance Architecture
New Directions in Florentine Painting
ITALIAN ART DURING THE ERA OF THE MEDICI, 1434-1494
The Baptistery of Florence
Florentine Churches and Convents at Mid-Century
The Spread of Florentine Style
THE RENAISSANCE PALACE AND ITS FURNISHINGS, CA. 1440-1490
Patrician Palaces
Images of Heroes for Florentine Collectors
Ancient Battles in Prints
Paintings for Palaces
Portraiture
THE RENAISSANCE STYLE REVERBERATES, 1450-1500
Piero della Francesca in Central Italy
Alberti and Mantegna in Mantua
Venice
Rome and the Papal States
Perspective
CHAPTER 15 The High Renaissance in Italy, 1495-1520
LEONARDO AND THE FLORENTINE HIGH RENAISSANCE
Leonardo da Vinci
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE IN ROME
Bramante in Rome
Michelangelo in Rome and Florence
Raphael
VENICEAND THE HIGH RENAISSANCE
Giorgione
Titian
CHAPTER 16 The Late Renaissance and Mannerism in Sixteenth-Century Italy
LATE RENAISSANCE FLORENCE
Mannerism
Michelangelo in Florence
Painters and Sculptors in Ducal Florence
ROMEREFORMED
Michelangelo in Rome
The Catholic Reformation and Il Gesu
CITIES AND COURTS IN NORTHERN ITALY AND VENICE
Mantua
Parma
Bologna
Venice: The Serene Republic
CHAPTER 17 Renaissance and Reformation throughout Sixteenth-Century Europe
FRANCEAND SPAIN: CATHOLIC COURTS AND ITALIAN INFLUENCE
Spain and Italianate Style
The Protestant Reformation
CENTRAL EUROPE: THE REFORMATION AND ART
Catholic Patrons in Early Sixteenth-Century Germany
Albrecht Durer as Renaissance Artist
Albrecht Durer as Reformation Artist
PROTESTANT COURTS AND NEW FORMS OF ART
Mythologies
Landscape
Reformation England: The Tudor Portrait
THE NETHERLANDS: WORLD MARKETPLACE
Bruges
Antwerp
Bruegel and the Everyday
CHAPTER 18 The Baroque in Italy and Spain
The Counter-Reformation
PAINTING IN ITALY
Caravaggio and the New Style
Artemisia Gentileschi
Ceiling Painting and Annibale Carracci
ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY
The Completion of Saint Peter's and Carlo Maderno
Bernini and Saint Peter's
A Baroque Alternative: Francesco Borromini
SCULPTURE IN ITALY
The Evolution of the Baroque: Bernini
PAINTING IN SPAIN
Naples and the Impact of Caravaggio: Jusepe de Ribera
Diego Velazquez: From Seville to Court Painter
Monastic Orders and Zurbaran
Culmination in Devotion: Bartolome Esteban Murillo
CHAPTER 19 The Baroque in The Netherlands
FLANDERS
Peter Paul Rubens and Defining the Baroque
Anthony van Dyck: History and Portraiture at the English Court
Still-Life Painting
THE DUTCH REPUBLIC
The Caravaggisti in Holland: Hendrick Terbrugghen
The Haarlem Community and Frans Hals
The Next Generation in Haarlem: Judith Leyster
Rembrandt and the Art of Amsterdam
THE MARKET: LANDSCAPE, STILL-LIFE, AND GENRE PAINTING
Landscape Painting: Jacob van Ruisdael
Still-Life Painting: Willem Claesz. Heda
Flower Painting and Rachel Ruysch
Genre Painting: Jan Steen
Intimate Genre Painting and Jan Vermeer
CHAPTER 20 The Baroque in France and England
FRANCE: THE STYLE OF LOUIS XIV
Painting in France
French Classical Architecture
Sculpture: The Impact of Bernini
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND
Inigo Jones and the Impact of Palladio
Sir Christopher Wren
CHAPTER 21 The Rococo
FRANCE: THE RISE OF THE ROCOCO
Painting: Poussinistes versus Rubenistes
The French Rococo Interior
ENGLAND: PRINTMAKING AND PAINTING
William Hogarth and the Narrative
Thomas Gainsborough and the English Portrait
Joshua Reynolds
THE ROCOCO IN GERMANY, AUSTRIA, AND CENTRAL EUROPE 452
Balthasar Neumann
ITALY
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Illusionistic Ceiling
Decoration
Canaletto
PART FOUR - THE MODERN WORLD
CHAPTER 22 Art in the Age of Enlightenment, 1750-1789
ROMETOWARD 1760: THE FONT OF NEOCLASSICISM
ARTISTIC FOUNDATIONS OF NEOCLASSICISM: MENGS AND HAMILTON
ROMETOWARD 1760: THE FONT OF ROMANTICISM
NEOCLASSICISM IN BRITAIN
Painting: Historicism, Morality, and Antiquity
The Birth of Contemporary History Painting
Architecture and Interiors: The Palladian Revival
EARLY ROMANTICISM IN BRITAIN
Architecture: Strawberry Hill and the Gothic Revival
Painting: The Coexistence of Reason and Emotion
NEOCLASSICISM IN FRANCE
Architecture: Rational Classicism
The Sublime in Neoclassical Architecture: The Austere and the Visionary
Painting and Sculpture: Expressing Enlightenment Values
The Climax of Neoclassicism: The Paintings of Jacques-Louis David
CHAPTER 23 Art in the Age of Romanticism, 1789-1848
PAINTING
Spain: Francisco Goya
Britain: The Bond with Nature
Germany: Friedrich's Pantheistic Landscape
America: Landscape as Metaphor and the Popularity of Genre
France: Neoclassical Painting in the Romantic Era
France: Painterly Romanticism and Romantic Landscape
Romantic Landscape Painting
SCULPTURE
Neoclassical Sculpture in the Romantic Era: Antonio Canova
French Romantic Sculpture: Breaking from the Classical Model
ROMANTIC REVIVALS IN ARCHITECTURE
The Gothic Revival: The Houses of Parliament 4
The Classical Revival 4
CHAPTER 24 The Age of Positivism: Realism, Impressionism, and the Pre-Raphaelites, 1848-1885
REALISM IN FRANCE
Realism in the 1840s and 1850s: Painting Contemporary Social Conditions
The Realist Assault on Academic Values and Bourgeois Taste
Impressionism: A Different Form of Realism
BRITISH REALISM
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
The Aesthetic Movement: Personal Psychology and Repressed Eroticism
REALISM IN AMERICA
Scientific Realism: Thomas Eakins
Iconic Image: Winslow Homer
PHOTOGRAPHY: A MECHANICAL MEDIUM FOR MASS-PRODUCED ART
First Innovations
Recording the World
Reporting the News: Photojournalism
Photography as Art: Pictorialism and Combination Printing
ARCHITECTURE AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Ferrovitreous Structures: Train Sheds and Exhibition Palaces
Announcing the Future: The Eiffel Tower
CHAPTER 25 Progress and Its Discontents: Post-Impressionism, Symbolism, and Art
Nouveau, 1880-1905
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Paul Cezanne: Toward Abstraction
Georges Seurat: Seeking Social and Pictorial Harmony
Vincent van Gogh: Expression through Color and Symbol
Paul Gauguin: The Flight from Modernity
SYMBOLISM
The Nabis
Other Symbolist Visions in France
Symbolism Beyond France
Symbolist Currents in American Art
The Sculpture of Rodin
ART NOUVEAU AND THE SEARCH FOR MODERN DESIGN
The Public and Private Spaces of Art Nouveau
AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE: THE CHICAGO SCHOOL
Louis Sullivan and Early Skyscrapers
Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie House
PHOTOGRAPHY
Pictorialist Photography and the Photo Secession
CHAPTER 26 Toward Abstraction: The Modernist Revolution, 1904-1914
FAUVISM
CUBISM
Reflecting and Shattering Tradition: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Analytic Cubism: Picasso and Braque
Synthetic Cubism: The Power of Collage
THE IMPACT OF FAUVISM AND CUBISM
German Expressionism
Austrian Expressionism
Cubism in Paris after Picasso and Braque
Italian Futurism: Activism and Art
Cubo-Futurism and Suprematism in Russia
Cubism and Fantasy: Giorgio de Chirico
MODERNIST SCULPTURE: CONSTANTIN BRANCUSI
AMERICAN ART
America's First Modernists: Arthur Dove and Abstraction
EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
German Modernist Architecture
German Expressionist Architecture
CHAPTER 27 Art Between the Wars
DADA
Zurich Dada: Jean (Hans) Arp
New York Dada: Marcel Duchamp
Berlin Dada
Cologne Dada
Paris Dada: Man Ray
SURREALISM
Surrealism in Paris
Representational Surrealism: Salvador Dali
The Surrealist Object
ORGANIC SCULPTURE
Alexander Calder in Paris
Henry Moore in England
CREATING UTOPIAS
Russian Constructivism: Productivism and Utilitarianism
De Stijl and Universal Order
The Bauhaus: Creating the New Man
The Machine Aesthetic
ART IN AMERICA: MODERNITY, SPIRITUALITY, AND REGIONALISM
The City and Industry
Seeking the Spiritual
Regionalism and National Identity
The Harlem Renaissance
MEXICAN ART: SEEKING A NATIONAL IDENTITY
Diego Rivera
THE EVE OF WORLD WAR II
America: The Failure of Modernity
Europe and Fascism
CHAPTER 28 Postwar to Postmodern, 1945-1980
EXISTENTIALISM IN NEW YORK: ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
Abstract Expressionism: Action Painting
Abstract Expressionism: Color-Field Painting
REJECTING ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: AMERICAN ART OF THE 1950S AND 1960S
Re-Presenting Life and Dissecting Painting
Environments and Performance Art
Pop Art: Consumer Culture as Subject
FORMALIST ABSTRACTION OF THE 1950S AND 1960S
Formalist Painting and Sculpture
Formalist Sculpture: Minimal Art
THE PLURALIST 1970S: POST-MINIMALISM
Post-Minimal Sculpture: Geometry and Emotion
Earthworks and Site-Specific Art
Conceptual Art: Art as Idea
Television Art: Nam June Paik
ART WITH A SOCIAL AGENDA
African-American Art: Ethnic Identity
Feminist Art: Judy Chicago and Gender Identity
LATE MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE
Continuing the International Style: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Sculptural Architecture: Referential Mass
CHAPTER 29 The Postmodern Era: Art Since 1980
ARCHITECTURE
Postmodern Architecture
New Modernism: Hi-Tech Architecture
Deconstructivism: Countering Modernist Authority
POST-MINIMALISM AND PLURALISM: LIMITLESS POSSIBILITIES
The Return of Painting
Sculpture
Deconstructing Art: Context as Meaning
The Power of Installation and Video Art
Many Styles, One Artist: Felix Gonzalez-Torres
Preoccupation with the Body
A World Art: Cai Guo-Qiang
Glossary
Books for Further Reading
Index
List of Credits