Contents Preface Part I The Elements of Music Chapter 1 Pitch, Melody, and Key Pitch Notating Pitch MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Physics of Sound: The Octave Clefs Sharps, Flats, and Naturals Melody Phrases and Intervals Dissonances and Consonances MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Ancient Greeks and Consonances Key The Major and Minor Scales The Chromatic Scale MAKING CONNECTIONS: Alternative Scales check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 2 Rhythm, Meter, Texture, and Dynamics Rhythmic Values Tempo Markings MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Metronome Pulse or Beat Measures Upbeats and Downbeats Meter Time Signatures MAKING CONNECTIONS: Many Meters: Igor, Nicolas, Serge, and The Rite of Spring Texture Monophonic Texture Polyphonic Texture and Counterpoint Harmony Homophonic Texture The Triad Harmonic Progression Tonality Dynamics MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Sound of Silence check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 3 Timbre, Instruments, and Ensembles Timbre The Voice The Family of Musical Instruments Musical Ensembles Instrumental Ensembles Vocal Ensembles Mixed Ensembles Benjamin Britten, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946) check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 1: Britten, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra Chapter 4 Musical Form MAKING CONNECTIONS: Musical Form in Architecture and Painting Binary and Ternary Form check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 5 Classical Music and Historical Styles What Is Classical Music? MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Classic in Popular Culture The Classical-Popular Connection Classical Music Periods check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 6 How to Listen The Listening Experience Listening to John Philip Sousa's The Stars and Stripes Forever check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 2: John Philip Sousa, The Stars and Stripes Forever PART I SUMMARY Part II The Middle Ages WHY LISTEN TO MEDIEVAL MUSIC TIMELINE Chapter 7 The Origins of Medieval Music check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 8 Music for the Christian Church Gregorian Chant The Divine Office and the Mass Medieval Christmas Music: Viderunt omnes check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 3: Anonymous, Viderunt omnes (All the Ends of the Earth), fifth century Chapter 9 Hildegard of Bingen Listening Map 4: Hildegard of Bingen, O viridissima virga (O Greenest Branch), twelfth century check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 10 Leonin and the Rise of Polyphony MAKING CONNECTIONS: Gothic Cathedrals and Polyphonic Architecture check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 5: Leonin, Viderunt omnes (All the Ends of the Earth), twelfth century Chapter 11 Secular Medieval Music Musical Instruments Secular Medieval Song check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 12 Machaut and the Rise of Secular Polyphony check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 6: Machaut, Puis qu'en oubli sui de vous (Since You Have Forgotten Me) [ca. 1365] PART II SUMMARY MUSICAL JOURNEYS: Kora Music of the Mandinka People of Gambia Listening Map I.1 Jula Jekere Part III The Renaissance A Note about Historical Periods WHY LISTEN TO RENAISSANCE MUSIC TIMELINE Chapter 13 The Development of Renaissance Music MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Renaissance Rediscovers Classical Antiquity check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 14 Guillaume Dufay and the Franco-Flemish Style MAKING CONNECTIONS: Brunelleschi's Dome Listening Map 7: Guillaume Dufay, Mass Se la face ay pale, Kyrie [ca. 1485] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 15 Josquin Desprez MAKING CONNECTIONS: Lorenzo the Magnificent check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 8: Josquin Desprez, Ave Maria [ca. 1485] Chapter 16 Palestrina and the Counter-Reformation MAKING CONNECTIONS: Martin Luther and the Reformation check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 9: Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, Kyrie [1562] Chapter 17 New Currents: National Styles The Italian Madrigal MAKING CONNECTIONS: Art Imitates Life: The Shocking Music of Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa The English Madrigal Listening Map 10: Thomas Weelkes, As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending [1601] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 18 The Rise of Instrumental Music MAKING CONNECTIONS: The English Reformation Listening Map 11: William Byrd, Pavana Lachrymae check your KNOWLEDGE PART III SUMMARY MUSICAL JOURNEYS: The Sitar and Ragas of India Part IV The Baroque WHY LISTEN TO BAROQUE MUSIC? TIMELINE Chapter 19 Music in the Early Baroque The Development of Tonality The Basso Continuo Melody, Rhythm, and Dynamics in Baroque Music check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 20 Claudio Monteverdi and the Rise of Italian Opera MAKING CONNECTIONS: St. Mark's Basilica, Venice MAKING CONNECTIONS: Orfeo and The Rise of the Orchestra Listening Map 12: Monteverdi's Orfeo, Act III, Possente spirto (O powerful spirit) [1607] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 21 The Spread of Opera Opera in France MAKING CONNECTIONS: Music as Royal Power: Lully at the Court of Louis XIV Henry Purcell and English Opera Listening Map 13: Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, Act III, When I Am Laid in Earth [1689] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 22 Baroque Instrumental Music The Violin Family The Harpsichord The Organ New Musical Genres Arcangelo Corelli The Baroque Concerto Listening Map 14: Corelli, Trio Sonata in A minor, Op. 3 No. 10 [1689] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 23 Antonio Vivaldi Listening Map 15: Vivaldi, Spring from the Four Seasons, Op. 8 No. 1, First Movement [ca. 1725] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 24 Johann Sebastian Bach's Life and Career Bach's Early Life and Career Beginnings The Move to Coethen MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Afterlife of Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor Final Years in Leipzig MAKING CONNECTIONS: Bach's Children and Wives check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 25 Bach's Instrumental Music Bach and the Fugue MAKING CONNECTIONS: Fugues beyond Music Listening Map 16: J.S. Bach, Little Fugue in G minor for Organ [ca. 1708-1717] Bach's Concertos check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 17: J. S. Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D major, First Movement [1721 or earlier] Chapter 26 Bach's Sacred Music MAKING CONNECTIONS: A Tale of Two Churches Listening Map 18: J. S. Bach, Cantata No. 140, Wachet auf (Sleepers Awake!), First Movement Bach's Other Religious Music check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 27 George Frideric Handel MAKING CONNECTIONS: Handel versus Bach: Two Baroque Titans Compared Handel's Life and Career MAKING CONNECTIONS: Zadok the Priest and English Royalty Listening Map 19: Handel, Water Music: Air in F Major [1717] Listening Map 20: Handel, Water Music: Alla Hornpipe [1717] Handel and Italian Opera check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 28 Handel and the English Oratorio MAKING CONNECTIONS: Handel, the Duke of Cumberland, and Bonnie Prince Charlie MAKING CONNECTIONS: Handel, Messiah, and Jonathan Swift Listening Map 21: Handel, Messiah, Aria, Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion [1742] Listening Map 22: Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus MAKING CONNECTIONS: Standing Up for Handel check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 29 The End of the Baroque check your KNOWLEDGE PART IV SUMMARY MUSICAL JOURNEYS: The Classical Music of Persia (Iran) Listening Map I.3 Avaz of Bayate Esfahan Part V The Classical Period TIMELINE WHY LISTEN TO MUSIC FROM THE CLASSICAL PERIOD? Chapter 30 Music in the Classical Period Melody in Classical Music MAKING CONNECTIONS: Balance in Neoclassical Art and Architecture Dynamics in Classical Music The Fortepiano Rhythm in Classical Music Harmony and Texture in Classical Music check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 31 Genre and Form in Classical Music New Instrumental Genres Sonata Form Listening Map 23: Mozart, Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music), First Movement, Allegro [1787] Theme and Variations Form Minuet and Trio Listening Map 24: Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G major (Surprise), Second Movement (Andante) [1791] MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Rise of the Minuet Listening Map 25: Mozart, Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Third Movement (Allegretto) [1787] Rondo Form Listening Map 26: Beethoven, Piano Sonata in C minor, Op. 13 (Pathetique), Third Movement (Allegro) [1798] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 32 Joseph Haydn Haydn's Life and Music MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Esterhazys and Haydn MAKING CONNECTIONS: Haydn in England Haydn and the Classical Orchestra Listening Map 27: Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G major (Surprise), Fourth Movement (Allegro Molto) [1791] Haydn and the String Quartet Listening Map 28: Haydn, String Quartet in G major, Op. 76 No. 3 (Emperor), Second Movement (Poco adagio; cantabile) [1797] Haydn's Influence MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Politics of Haydn's Emperor's Hymn check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 33 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart's Life and Career MAKING CONNECTIONS: Mozart as Freemason MAKING CONNECTIONS: Mozart and Posterity Mozart and the Classical Concerto Mozart and Italian Opera Listening Map 29: Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major, K. 488, First Movement (Allegro) [1786] Listening Map 30: Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act I, Scene 1, Figaro and Susanna, Se a casa madama (If My Lady Needs You) [1786] Mozart and German Opera Listening Map 31: Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act I, Scene 2, Figaro, Se vuol ballare (If You Want to Dance) [1786] Listening Map 32: Mozart, The Magic Flute (1791), K. 620, Act II, Scene 3, Queen of the Night, Der Hoelle Rache (Vengeance of Hell) [1791] Mozart's Legacy check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 34 Ludwig van Beethoven Beethoven's Early Period MAKING CONNECTIONS: Beethoven and Haydn Beethoven's Middle Period Listening Map 33: Beethoven, Piano Sonata in C minor, Op. 27 No. 2 (Moonlight), First Movement (Adagio sostenuto) [1801] MAKING CONNECTIONS: Napoleon as Romantic Figure Beethoven's Fifth Symphony in C minor MAKING CONNECTIONS: Finding Meaning in Beethoven's Fifth Symphony First Movement (Allegro con brio) Listening Map 34: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, First Movement (Allegro con brio) [1808] Second Movement (Andante con moto) Third Movement (Allegro) Listening Map 35: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Second Movement (Andante con moto) [1808] Listening Map 36: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Third Movement (Allegro) [1808] Beethoven's Late Period Fourth Movement (Allegro) Listening Map 37: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Fourth Movement (Allegro) [1808] Beethoven's Death and Funeral Beethoven's Legacy MAKING CONNECTIONS: Eulogizing Beethoven check your KNOWLEDGE PART V SUMMARY MUSICAL JOURNEYS: Beijing Opera Tune Families and Instruments The Ruse of the Empty City Listening Map I.4 Solo from The Ruse of the Empty City: A Traditional Peking Opera Part VI The Romantic Period TIMELINE WHY LISTEN TO ROMANTIC MUSIC? Chapter 35 Romantic Music Melody in Romantic Music Dynamics and Expression Marks in Romantic Music Tempo and Rhythm in Romantic Music Harmony and Tonality in Romantic Music Forms and Genres in Romantic Music MAKING CONNECTIONS: Romantic Content in Program Music Timbre and Tone Color in Romantic Music check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 36 Art Song MAKING CONNECTIONS: Lyric Poetry and Us Schubert's Life Schubert's Lieder Listening Map 38: Schubert, Erlkoenig (The Erlking) MAKING CONNECTIONS: Goethe and Music Robert Schumann Schumann's Dichterliebe, Op. 48 Listening Map 39: Robert Schumann, Im Wunderschoenen Monat Mai (In the Lovely Month of May), from Dichterliebe (Poet's Love) Clara Schumann, Liebst du um Schoenheit (If You Love for Beauty) [1841] MAKING CONNECTIONS: Clara Schumann as a Composer check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 37 Piano Music MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Age of the Virtuoso Frederic Chopin Chopin's Nocturnes and Preludes MAKING CONNECTIONS: A Double Portrait by Delacroix Listening Map 41: Chopin, Nocturne in E-flat Major for Piano, Op. 9 No. 2 [1831] Listening Map 42: Chopin, Prelude in D minor for Piano, Op. 28 No. 24 [1839] Franz Liszt MAKING CONNECTIONS: Lisztomania Liszt, Petrarch Sonnet No. 104 Fanny Hensel Hensel, Il Saltarello Romano (The Roman Saltarello) in A minor, Op. 6 No. 4 Listening Map 43: Liszt, Petrarch Sonnet No. 104 [1858] Listening Map 44: Hensel, Il Saltarello Romano (The Roman Saltarello) in A minor, Op. 6 No. 4 [1841] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 38 Orchestral Music Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy MAKING CONNECTIONS: Mendelssohn as Conductor Mendelssohn, Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 21 Listening Map 45: Mendelssohn, Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 21 [1826] Hector Berlioz Fantastic Symphony MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Romantics and Opium Listening Map 46: Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, Finale, Dream of a Witches' Sabbath [1830] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 39 Opera Italian Romantic Opera Giuseppe Verdi Listening Map 47: Verdi, Rigoletto, Act III, Canzone La donna e mobile (Woman Is Fickle) [1851] French Romantic Opera German Romantic Opera Richard Wagner MAKING CONNECTIONS: Musical Cues in Wagner and Beyond Listening Map 48: Wagner, Das Rheingold, concluding scene, The Gods' Entrance into Valhalla [1854] check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 40 Late Nineteenth-Century Music Johannes Brahms Brahms, Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, Third Movement Nationalism in Music Listening Map 49: Brahms Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, Third Movement MAKING CONNECTIONS: Nationalism in Art Antonin Dvorak Dvorak, Symphony No. 9 (From the New World), Second Movement MAKING CONNECTIONS: Jeanette Thurber and Music Patronage, Americanized Russian Music Listening Map 50: Dvorak, Symphony No. 9 (From the New World), Second Movement, Largo [1893] Modest Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition Listening Map 51: Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, Promenade [1874], orchestrated by Maurice Ravel [1922] Listening Map 52: Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, The Great Gate of Kiev (1874), orchestrated by Maurice Ravel [1922] Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky Program Music of the Later Nineteenth Century Listening Map 53: Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet [1880] Richard Strauss, Death and Transfiguration Gustav Mahler Listening Map 54: Strauss, Death and Transfiguration Europe at the Close of the Century Bizet, Carmen, Habanera from Act I Listening Map 55: Mahler, Songs of a Wayfarer, No. 2 [1896] MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Afterlife of La Boheme Listening Map 56: Bizet, Carmen, Act 1, Habanera [1875] check your KNOWLEDGE PART VI SUMMARY MUSICAL JOURNEYS: Balinese Gamelan Music Gamelan Comes to the West Balinese Gamelan Listening Map I.5 Pendet Part VII The Modern Era WHY LISTEN TO TWENTIETH-CENTURY MUSIC? TIMELINE Chapter 41 Music in the Twentieth Century Alternatives to Tonality Arnold Schoenberg and the Rejection of Tonality MAKE CONNECTIONS: Atonality and Soundtracks New Experiments with Rhythm and Timbre check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 42 Revolutionary Beginnings Claude Debussy MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Eiffel Tower as Modernist Icon Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun MAKING CONNECTIONS: Symbolism Listening Map 57: Debussy, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun [1854] Igor Stravinsky MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Ballets Russes Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring (1913) Listening Map 58: Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Introduction and Dance of the Adolescents [1913] Arnold Schoenberg MAKING CONNECTIONS: Wassily Kandinsky and German Expressionism Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire (1912), Valse de Chopin Listening Map 59: Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, No. 5, Valse de Chopin [1912] Alban Berg and Anton von Webern check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 43 Neoclassicism Sergei Prokofiev MAKING CONNECTIONS: Music in the Soviet Union Prokofiev, Symphony No. 1 in D major (Classical) First Movement [1917] Stravinsky and Neoclassicism Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms Second Movement (Psalm 40: 1-3) [1930] MAKING CONNECTIONS: Stravinsky as Lecturer Bela Bartok Bartok, Music for String Instruments, Percussion and Celesta (1936) MAKING CONNECTIONS: Palindromes and Musical Symmetries check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 62: Bartok, Music for String Instruments, Percussion and Celesta Third Movement [1936] Chapter 44 National Styles English Music Vaughan Williams, Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis (1910) Listening Map 63: Vaughan Williams, Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis [1910] Dimitri Shostakovich and Russian Music Shostakovich, Fifth Symphony, Second Movement (1937) check your KNOWLEDGE Listening Map 64: Shostakovich, Fifth Symphony Second Movement [1937] Chapter 45 American Music: Beginnings to Aaron Copland Amy Beach Beach, Romance for Violin and Piano, Op. 23 (1893) Charles Ives Listening Map 65: Amy Beach, Romance for Violin and Piano, Op. 23 [1893] Ives, General William Booth Enters into Heaven Listening Map 66: Ives, General William Booth Enters into Heaven [1914] William Grant Still Still, Afro-American Symphony, Third Movement (Humor) (1930) Listening Map 67: William Grant Still, Afro-American Symphony, Third Movement (Humor) MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Harlem Renaissance and the New Negro George Gershwin MAKING CONNECTIONS: Rhapsody in Blue: An Icon of American Music Gershwin, Summertime from Porgy and Bess (1935) Listening Map 68: Gershwin, Summertime, from Porgy and Bess, as performed by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong [1957] Aaron Copland Copland, Appalachian Spring Listening Map 69: Copland, Appalachian Spring Section 7: Variations on the Shaker melody Simple Gifts check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 46 Jazz The Rise of Jazz: Ragtime and Blues Ragtime The Blues MAKING CONNECTIONS: Robert Johnson and the Blues as Literature Bessie Smith, Lost Your Head Blues (1926) Early Jazz: New Orleans and Beyond The Birth of Swing Music Duke Ellington Ellington, Mood Indigo (1930) Listening Map 71: Duke Ellington, Mood Indigo [1930] The Birth of Bebop Charlie Parker, Constellation (1948) Listening Map 72: Charlie Parker, Constellation [1948] Cool and Free Jazz Miles Davis Listening Map 73: Miles Davis, Bitches Brew (Miles Runs the Voodoo Down, opening section) [1969] check your KNOWELDGE Chapter 47 Film Music, Musicals, and Contemporary Popular Styles The Rise of Film Music John Williams Listening Map 74: John Williams, Imperial March from The Empire Strikes Back [1980] Musicals Leonard Bernstein MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Many Roles of Leonard Bernstein Listening Map 75: Leonard Bernstein, West Side Story, Balcony Scene, Tonight [1957] Contemporary Popular Styles MAKING CONNECTIONS: The '60s: Music of Protest check your KNOWLEDGE Chapter 48 The Eclipse of Modernism: New Frontiers The New Order: Total Serialism New Resources in Sound Edgard Varese MAKING CONNECTIONS: An Early Electronic Studio Listening Map 76: Edgard Varese, Poeme electronique (Electronic Poem), opening 2'36'' [1958] Further Developments in Electronic Music Chance in Music John Cage Listening Map 77: John Cage, 4'33'' [1951] MAKING CONNECTIONS: Across the Arts: John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and Merce Cunningham Women and Contemporary Music Ellen Taaffe Zwilich Listening Map 78: Ellen Taaffe Swilich, Concerto grosso [1985] First Movement Postmodernism Minimalism MAKING CONNECTIONS: Minimalism in the Visual Arts John Adams Listening Map 79: Adams, Short Ride in a Fast Machine [1986] The Future Beckons Into the Twenty-First Century Sofia Gubaidulina The Future Listening Map 80: Sofia Gubaidulina, Violin Concerto No. 2 (In tempus praesens), opening section [2007] check your KNOWLEDGE PART VII SUMMARY MUSICAL JOURNEYS: African-American Lined Hymn Am I a Soldier of the Cross? Listening Map I.6 Am I a Soldier of the Cross? Glossary Credits Index
