Acknowledgments xi
1 . . . Or a Tornado or Earthquake Drill 1
A Brief History of Crisis Intervention 4
History of Crisis on College Campuses 6
The Contemporary College Scene 9
Summary 13
References 13
2 Boilerplate: The Basics of Crisis Intervention 15
Transcrisis States 18
Universality and Idiosyncrasy 22
Theories of Crisis and Crisis Intervention 23
Applied Crisis Domains 31
Crisis Intervention Models 32
Universal Versus a Focused View of Diversity/Multiculturalism 36
Culturally Biased Assumptions 37
The Environment's Impact on Cultural Development 38
Culturally Effective Helping 43
Summary 44
References 44
3 Herding Cats: Organizing a Crisis Response 49
Crisis Planning Primer: Common Terms 49
Current State of Crisis Management Planning in Higher Education 56
Building Blocks for Crisis Management Plans 63
Three Cs of Crisis Management Planning 71
Summary 77
References 78
4 Duller Than Dirt . . . More Valuable Than Gold: Policies and Procedures 81
Policy Development 82
Drafting Policy 86
Review of Policy Drafts 91
Basic Risk Management Recommendations 98
Summary 100
References 101
Appendix: Sample Threats Policy 103
5 The Best of Times and the Worst of Times: The Tale of Two Laws 105
Tarasoff and Its Impact on Policy 105
Virginia Tech Inspector General Report: Going Beyond Tarasoff 107
Virginia Tech Counseling Center Actions Taken 108
Virginia Tech Follow-Up System 120
Summary 122
References 123
6 Reality Check: Entry into the System 125
Consulting 126
Practice 129
Case Study: Central University 134
Summary 135
References 135
Appendix: Case Study: Crisis at Central University 137
7 What You See Is What You Get . . . or Maybe Not: Assessment of the System 141
Chronosystem System 142
Organizational Factors Affected by a Crisis 179
Timeline for Assessment 188
Assessment Procedures 191
Methods for Assessment 193
Summary 199
References 199
8 No Rest for the Weary: System Recovery After a Crisis 203
Eight-Step Model for Organizations 203
Using the Eight-Step Model 217
Nine Intervention Strategies 222
Summary 230
References 230
9 Not Buying a Pig in a Poke 233
Understanding Threats 234
Triage Assessment Scale for Students in Learning Environments (TASSLE) 239
Threat Assessment Teams 251
Summary 267
References 268
10 Basic Training 271
The Eight-Step Model of Crisis Intervention in College Environments (Individuals) 271
Moving on the Directive, Collaborative, Nondirective Continuum 279
Tools of the Trade 281
Don'ts 290
Basic Strategies of Crisis Intervention 293
Listening and Responding in Crisis Intervention 299
Facilitative Listening in Crisis Intervention 299
Acting in Crisis Intervention: Staying Safe 306
Stages of Intervention 310
Rules of the Road 317
Summary 320
References 321
11 One Day at a Time: Survivorship in the Aftermath 325
Survivorship 326
Remembrance Services 329
Memorials 333
Survivor Recovery 335
Summary 341
References 341
12 Leadership Checklist: Preparing Your Campus for Crisis 345
Make Crisis Planning a Leadership Imperative 346
Ensure Understanding of FERPA, HIPAA, and OSHA 346
Develop a Crisis Management Plan 346
Make the Budget Available 347
Insist on Multiple Copies of Disaster Plans and Infrastructure Drawings 347
Ensure Comprehensive Assessment of Each Critical Incident 347
Ensure Proper Communication and Dissemination of Information 348
Ensure the Accuracy of Your Student Contact Information 348
Communicate and Partner with Outside Agencies 349
Require Regular Crisis Training and Situational Exercises 349
Be Prepared to Take the Lead and Use Different Methods 349
Seek Counsel on Risk-Management Recommendations 350
Develop a Comprehensive Recovery Plan 350
Be Prepared to Utilize Recovery to Achieve Long-Term Goals 350
Determine Alternatives to Minimize Enrollment Loss 351
Identify Resources on Your Campus 351
Remember: People First! 351
Author Index 353
Subject Index 359
