Brief Contents ; List of Boxes ; Preface ; Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology? ; Module 1: Anthropology, Science, and Storytelling ; Chapter 2: Why Is Evolution Important to Anthropologists? ; Chapter 3: What Can Evolutionary Theory Tell Us about Human Variation? ; Module 2: Dating Methods in Paleoanthropology and Archaeology ; Chapter 4: What Can the Study of Primates Tell Us about Human Beings? ; Chapter 5: What Can the Fossil Record Tell Us about Human Origins? ; Chapter 6: How Do We Know about the Human Past? ; Chapter 7: Why Did Humans Settle Down, Build Cities, and Establish States? ; Chapter 8: Why Is the Concept of Culture Important? ; Module 3: On Ethnographic Methods ; Chapter 9: Why Is Understanding Human Language Important? ; Module 4: Components of Language ; Chapter 10: How Do We Make Meaning? ; Chapter 11: Why Do Anthropologists Study Economic Relations? ; Chapter 12: How Do Anthropologists Study Political Relations? ; Chapter 13: Where Do Our Relatives Come From, and Why Do They Matter? ; Chapter 14: What Can Anthropology Tell Us about Social Inequality? ; Chapter 15: What Can Anthropology Tell Us about Globalization? ; Bibliography ; Credits ; Glossary and Index ; Detailed Contents ; List of Boxes ; Preface ; Chapter 1 What Is Anthropology? ; What is Anthropology? ; What is the Concept of Culture? ; What Makes Anthropology a Cross-Disciplinary Discipline? ; Biological Anthropology ; In Their Own Words: Anthropology as a Vocation Listening to Voices ; Cultural Anthropology ; Linguistic Anthropology ; Archaeology ; Applied Anthropology ; Medical Anthropology ; The Uses of Anthropology ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Module 1: Anthropology, Science, and Storytelling ; Scientific and Nonscientific Explanations ; Some Key Scientific Concepts ; Module Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Chapter 2: Why Is Evolution Important to Anthropologists? ; What is Evolutionary Theory? ; What Material Evidence is There for Evolution? ; Pre-Darwinian Views of The Natural World ; Essentialism ; The Great Chain of Being ; Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism ; Transformational Evolution ; What is Natural Selection? ; Population Thinking ; Natural Selection in Action ; Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity ; Mendel's Experiments ; The Emergence of Genetics ; What Are the Basics of Contemporary Genetics? ; Genes and Traits ; Mutation ; DNA and the Genome ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Forensic Anthropology and Human Rights ; Genotype, Phenotype, and the Norm of Reaction ; In Their Own Words: How Living Organisms Construct Their Environments ; What does Evolution Mean? ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 3: What Can Evolutionary Theory Tell Us about Human Variation? ; What is Microevolution? ; The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis and Its Legacy ; The Molecularization of Race? ; The Four Evolutionary Processes ; Microevolution and Patterns of Human Variation ; Adaptation and Human Variation ; Phenotype, Environment and Culture ; In Their Own Words: DNA Tests Find Branches but Few Roots ; What is Macroevolution? ; Can We Predict the Future of Human Evolution? ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Module 2: Dating Methods in Paleoanthropology and Archaeology ; Relative Dating Methods ; Numerical Dating Methods ; Modeling Prehistoric Climates ; Module Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Chapter 4: What Can the Study of Primates Tell Us about Human Beings? ; What Are Primates? ; Approaches to Primate Taxonomy ; The Living Primates ; Strepsirhines ; Haplorhines ; In Their Own Words: The Future of Primate Diversity ; Flexibility as the Hallmark of Primate Adaptations ; In Their Own Words: Chimpanzee Tourism ; Past Evolutionary Trends in Primates ; Primate Evolution: The First 60 Million Years ; Primates of the Paleocene ; Primates of the Eocene ; Primates of the Oligocene ; Primates of the Miocene ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 5: What Can the Fossil Record Tell Us about Human Origins? ; Hominin Evolution ; Who Were the First Hominins? (6-3 mya) ; The Origin of Bipedalism ; Changes in Hominin Dentition ; In Their Own Words: Finding Fossils ; Who Were the Later Australopith? (3-1.5 mya) ; How Many Species of Australopith Were There? ; How Can Anthropologists Explain the Human Transition? ; What Do We Know About Early Homo? (2.4-1.5 mya) ; Expansion of the Australopith Brain ; How Many Species of Early Homo Were There? ; Earliest Evidence of Culture: Stone Tools of the Oldowan Tradition ; Who Was Homo Erectus? (1.8-1.7 mya to 0.5-0.4 mya) ; Morphological Traits of H. erectus ; The Culture of H. erectus ; H. erectus the Hunter ; The Evolutionary Fate of H. Erectus ; How Did Homo Sapiens Evolve? ; Fossil Evidence for the Transition to Modern H. sapiens ; Where Did Modern H. sapiens Come From? ; Who Were The Neandertals? (130,000 to 35,000 years ago) ; Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age Culture ; Did Neandertals Hunt? ; In Their Own Words: Bad Hair Days in the Paleolithic Modern (Re)Constructions of the Cave Man ; What Do We Know About Anatomically Modern Humans? (200,000 years ago to present) ; What Can Genetics Tell Us About Modern Human Origins? ; The Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age (40,000? to 12,000 years ago) ; What Happened To The Neandertals? ; Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age Cultures ; In Their Own Words: Women's Art in the Upper Paleolithic ; Spread of Modern H. Sapiens in Late Pleistocene Times ; Eastern Asia and Siberia ; The Americas ; Australasia ; Two Million Years of Human Evolution ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 6: How Do We Know About the Human Past? ; Archaeology ; Surveys ; Archaeological Excavation ; Interpreting the Past ; Subsistence Strategies ; Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States ; Whose Past Is It? ; Plundering the Past ; Contemporary Trends in Archaeology ; Gender Archaeology ; Collaborative Approaches to Studying the Past ; Cosmopolitan Archaeologies ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 7: Why Did Humans Settle Down, Build Cities, and Establish States? ; Human Imagination and the Material World ; Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction? ; Animal Domestication ; Was There Only One Motor of Domestication? ; How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia? ; Natufian Social Organization ; Natufian Subsistence ; Domestication Elsewhere in the World ; What Were the Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism? ; In Their Own Words: The Food Revolution ; What is Social Complexity? ; How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies? ; What is the Archaeological Evidence For Social Complexity? ; Why Did Stratification Begin? ; How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies? ; Andean Civilization ; In Their Own Words: The Ecological Consequences of Social Complexity ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 8: Why Is The Concept of Culture Important? ; How Do Anthropologists Define Culture? ; In Their Own Words: The Paradox of Ethnocentrism ; In Their Own Words: Culture and Freedom ; Culture, History and Human Agency ; In Their Own Words: Human-Rights Law and the Demonization of Culture ; Why Do Cultural Differences Matter? ; What is Ethnocentrism? ; Is it Possible to Avoid Ethnocentric Bias? ; What is Cultural Relativism? ; How Can Cultural Relativity Improve Our Understanding of Controversial Cultural Practices? ; Genital Cutting, Gender, and Human Rights ; Genital Cutting as a Valued Ritual ; Culture and Moral Reasoning ; Did Their Culture Make Them Do It? ; Does Culture Explain Everything? ; Culture Change and Cultural Authenticity ; The Promise of the Anthropological Perspective ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Module 3: On Ethnographic Methods ; A Meeting of Cultural Traditions ; Single-Sited Fieldwork ; Multisited Fieldwork ; Collecting and Interpreting Data ; The Dialectic of Fieldwork: Interpretation and Translation ; Interpreting Actions and Ideas ; The Dialectic of Fieldwork: An Example ; The Effects of Fieldwork ; The Production of Anthropological Knowledge ; Anthropological Knowledge as Open-Ended ; Module Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Chapter 9: Why is Understanding Human Language Important? ; How are Language and Culture Related? ; How Do People Talk about Experience? ; In Their Own Words: Cultural Translation ; What Makes Human Language Distinctive? ; What Does it Mean to A Language? ; How Does Context Affect Language? ; How Does Language Affect How We See The World? ; Pragmatics: How Do We Study Language in Contexts of Use? ; Ethnopragmatics ; What Happens When Languages Come into Contact? ; What is Linguistic Inequality? ; What Are Language Habits of African Americans? ; In Their Own Words: Varieties of African American English ; Language Ideology ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Language Revitalization ; Language, Culture, and Thought ; Perception ; Illusion ; Cognition ; Language, Thought, and Symbolic Practice ; Languages, Symbolic Practices, Worldviews ; What Are Symbols? ; In Their Own Words: The Madness of Hunger ; Symbolic Practices, Worldviews, Selves ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Lead Poisoning among Mexican American Children ; In Their Own Words: American Premenstrual Syndrome ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Module 4: Components of Language ; Phonology: Sounds ; Morphology: Word Structure ; Syntax: Sentence Structure ; Semantics: Meaning ; Module Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Chapter 10: How Do We Make Meaning? ; What is Play? ; What do We Think about Play? ; What Are Some Effects of Play? ; What is Art? ; Is There a Definition of Art? ; ; : Art and Authenticity ; In Their Own Words: Tango ; What is Myth? ; How Does Myth Reflect and Shape Society? ; Do Myths Help Us Think? ; What is Ritual? ; How Can Ritual Be Defined? ; Ritual As Action? ; What Are Rites of Passage? ; How Are Play and Ritual Complementary? ; In Their Own Words: Video in the Villages ; How Are Worldview and Symbolic Practice Related? ; What is Religion? ; How Do People Communicate in Religion? ; How Are Religion and Social Organization Related? ; Worldviews in Operation: Two Case Studies ; Coping with Misfortune: Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande ; Are There Patterns of Witchcraft Accusation? ; Coping with Misfortune: Seeking Higher Consciousness among the Channelers ; In Their Own Words: For All Those Who Were Indian in a Former Life ; Maintaining and Changing a Worldview ; How Do People Cope with Change? ; In Their Own Words: Custom and Confrontation ; How Are Worldviews Used As Instruments of Power? ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 11 : Why Do Anthropologists Study Economic Relations? ; How Do Anthropologists Study Economic Relations? ; What are the Connections between Culture and Livelihood? ; How Do Anthropologists Study Production, Distribution, and Consumption? ; How Are Goods Distributed and Exchanged? ; What are Modes of Exchange? ; Does Production Drive Economic Activities? ; Labor ; Modes of Production ; What is the Role of Conflict in Material Life? ; In Their Own Words: ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Producing Sorghum and Millet in Honduras and the Sudan ; In Their Own Words: Solidarity Forever ; Why Do People Consume What they Do? ; The Internal Explanation: Malinowski and Basic Human Needs ; The External Explanation: Cultural Ecology ; How is Consumption Culturally Patterned? ; How is Consumption Being Studied Today? ; In Their Own Words: Fake Masks and Faux Modernity ; In Their Own Words: Questioning Collapse ; The Anthropology of Food and Nutrition ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 12: How Do Anthropologists Study Political Relations? ; How Are Culture and Politics Related? ; How Do Anthropologists Study Politics? ; Coercion ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Doing Business in Japan ; In Their Own Words: Reforming the Crow Constitution ; How Are Politics, Gender, and Kinship Related? ; Hidden Transcripts and the Power of Reflection ; How Are Immigration and Politics Related in the New Europe? ; In Their Own Words: Protesters Gird for Long Fight over Opening Peru's Amazon ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Human Terrain Teams and Anthropological Ethics ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 13: Where Do Our Relatives Come From and Why Do They Matter? ; What is Kinship? ; Sex, Gender, and Kinship ; What is the Role of Descent in Kinship? ; What Role do Lineages Play in Descent? ; Lineage Membership ; Patrilineages ; What are Matrilineages? ; In Their Own Words: Outside Work, Women, and Bridewealth ; What are Kinship Terminologies? ; What Criteria Are Used For Making Kinship Distinctions? ; What is Adoption? ; Adoption in Highland Ecuador ; European American Kinship and New Reproductive Technologies ; How Does Organ Transplantation Create New Relatives? ; Marriage ; Toward a Definition of Marriage ; Woman Marriage and Ghost Marriage among the Nuer ; Why is Marriage a Social Process? ; Patterns of Residence after Marriage ; Single and Plural Spouses ; In Their Own Words: Two Cheers for Gay Marriage ; How is Marriage an Economic Exchange? ; In Their Own Words: Dowry Too High. Lose Bride and Go to Jail ; What is a Family? ; What is the Nuclear Family? ; What is the Polygynous Family? ; Extended and Joint Families ; In Their Own Words: Law, Custom, and Crimes Against Women ; How are Families Transformed Over Time? ; Divorce and Remarriage ; How Does International Migration Affect the Family? ; Families by Choice ; Friendship ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Caring for Infibulated Women Giving Birth in Norway ; In Their Own Words: Why Migrant Women Feed Their Husbands Tamales ; How Are Sexual Practices Organized? ; Ranges of Heterosexual Practices ; Other Sexual Practices ; Sexuality and Power ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 14: What Can Anthropology Tell Us About Social Inequality? ; Inequality and Structural Violence in Haiti ; Gender ; Class ; Caste ; Caste in India ; In Their Own Words: As Economic Turmoil Mounts, So Do Attacks on Hungary's Gypsies ; Race ; Colorism in Nicaragua ; In Their Own Words: On the Butt Size of Barbie and Shani Dolls and Race in the United States ; In Their Own Words: The Politics of Ethnicity ; Ethnicity ; Nation and Nationalism ; Australian Nationalism ; Naturalizing Discourses ; The Paradox of Essentialized Identities ; Nation Building in the Postcolonial World: The Example of Fiji ; Nationalism and its Dangers ; Anthropology in Everyday Life: Anthropology and Democracy ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Chapter 15: What Can Anthropology Tell Us about Globalization? ; What Happened to the Global Economy after the Cold War? ; Cultural Processes in a Global World ; In Their Own Words: Slumdog Tourism ; In Their Own Words: Cofan: Story of the Forest People and the Outsiders ; Globalization and the Nation-State ; Are Global Flows Undermining Nation-States? ; Migration, Transborder Identities, and Long-Distance Nationalism ; How Can Citizenship be Flexible? ; Are Human Rights Universal? ; Human-Rights Discourse as the Global Language of Social Justice ; Rights versus Culture? ; Rights to Culture? ; Are Rights Part of Culture? ; How Can Culture Help in Thinking about Rights? ; Cultural Imperialism or Cultural Hybridity? ; What is Cultural Imperialism? ; Cultural Hybridity ; Can We Be At Home in a Global World? ; What is Friction? ; In Their Own Words: How Sushi Went Global ; In Their Own Words: The Anthropological Voice ; Why Study Anthropology? ; Chapter Summary ; For Review and Discussion ; Key Terms ; Suggested Readings ; Bibliography ; Credits ; Glossary and Index