Brief Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction to Adolescence
Part II. Key Developmental Transitions
Chapter 2. Physical Development
Chapter 3. Cognitive Development
Chapter 4. Social Development: Adolescent Roles, Personality and Morality
Chapter 5. Self and Identity
Part III. Relationships
Chapter 6. Adolescents and Their Families
Chapter 7. Peers
Chapter 8. Intimacy
Chapter 9. Adolescent Sexuality
Part IV. Society
Chapter 10. Schooling, Education, and Society
Chapter 11. Work and Leisure
Chapter 12. Culture and Diversity
Part V. Challenges of Adolescence
Chapter 13. Adolescent Problems
Chapter 14. Stress, Coping, and Well-Being
Detailed Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction to Adolescence
Prologue: Adolescent Quartet
Looking Ahead
Defining Adolescence: The Scope of the Field
Topical areas of adolescence
The link between age and topics
Adolescent Diversity How Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Influence Adolescent Development
Adolescents today
Review and Apply
The Study of Adolescence: Past, Present, and Future
The roots of the study of adolescence
Adolescent science emerges in the 20th century
The scientific method and the study of adolescence
Measuring change during adolescence
Today's perspectives on adolescence
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Evaluating the Truths-and Myths-of Adolescence
Review and Apply
Key Questions: Major Themes of the Study of Adolescence
What are the key transitions and tasks of adolescence?
Transitions From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood
What are the effects of cohort membership on adolescents?
How does developmental change occur during adolescence?
What is the relative influence of nature and nurture on development?
How can sound social policy be developed that can improve the lives of adolescents?
Career Choices Public Policy Specialist
The future of adolescence
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 2
Physical Development
Prologue: The Cruelest Cut
Looking Ahead
Beginnings: The Start of Puberty
The endocrine system: Chemical couriers
The HPG feedback system
Hormones and emotions
Adrenarche and gonadarche: Prelude and start of puberty
The nervous system and brain development
Neurons: The building blocks of the nervous system and brain
Transitions: The Immature Brain Argument: Too Young for the Death Penalty?
Brain lateralization
Adolescent Diversity Are gender and culture related to the brain's structure?
Culture and brain lateralization
Implications of adolescent brain development
Review and Apply
The Body Changes: The Physical Transformations of Puberty
Growth during adolescence: The rapid pace of physical and sexual maturation
Coming of age: Sexual maturation
Sexual maturation in females
Sexual maturation in males
Body image: Reactions to the physical changes of puberty
The timing of puberty: The consequences of early and late maturation
Early maturation
Late maturation
Review and Apply
Health and Wellness
Nutrition and food: Fueling the growth of adolescence
Obesity
Exercise and sports
Career Choices: Physical Education Teacher
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science: Reducing Obesity
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia
Tired teens: The struggle to get enough sleep
Improving adolescent health
School-based health centers
Socioeconomic factors and adolescent health care
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 3
Cognitive Development
Prologue: Satellite Vision
Looking Ahead
Intellectual Development
Piagetian approaches to cognitive development
Using formal operations to solve problems
Why are there inconsistencies in the use of formal operations?
The consequences of adolescents' use of formal operations
Evaluating Piaget's approach
Information-processing perspectives: Gradual transformations in abilities
Encoding, storage, and retrieval: The foundations of information processing
Automatization
Improvements in information-processing during adolescence
Information-Processing Theories in Perspective
Vygotsky's view of cognitive development: Taking culture into account
The zone of proximal development and scaffolding: Foundations of cognitive development
Vygotsky and educational practices
Adolescent Diversity How Culture Influences How We Learn
Evaluating Vygotsky's contributions
Review and Apply
Intelligence: Determining Individual Strengths
Intelligence benchmarks: Differentiating the intelligent from the unintelligent
Binet's test
Measuring IQ: Present-day approaches to intelligence
What IQ tests don't tell: Alternative conceptions of intelligence
Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
Practical and emotional intelligence
Transitions Too Smart to Get the Job You Want?
Group differences in IQ
Explaining racial differences in IQ
The Bell Curve controversy
Achievement and aptitude tests
Career Choices
Review and Apply
Social Cognition: Thinking in a Social Context
Egocentrism in thinking: Adolescents' self-absorption
Risk-taking
Creativity: Novel thought
Decision-making during adolescence
Thinking critically
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science: Techniques for Effective Problem Solving
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 4
Social Development: Adolescent Roles, Personality, and Morality
Prologue: Help is on the Way
Looking Ahead
The Social Transitions of Adolescence
The social construction of adolescence: Inventing a phase of life
Views of adolescence
Adolescent Diversity The rituals of adolescence: Celebrating the social redefinition of children
Contemporary rites of passage
The social roles of adolescence
Key roles
Review and Apply
Personality Development
Psychodynamic approaches to personality
Evaluating psychoanalytic explanations of personality
Trait approaches to personality
The Big Five personality traits: Mapping personality
The stability of personality in adolescence and beyond
Temperament: Stability in arousal and emotionality
Personality and the interaction of genetics and the environment
Adolescent personality in perspective
Review and Apply
Moral development in adolescence: Treating others fairly
Piaget's approach to moral development
Evaluating Piaget's approach to moral development
Moral reasoning: Kohlberg's approach
Gilligan's account of moral development in girls
Career Choices
Social learning perspectives on morality: Focusing on behavior
Moral behavior and moral reasoning: Why the disconnect?
Prosocial reasoning and prosocial behavior: The other side of the coin
Empathy and moral behavior
Gender and cultural differences in prosocial behavior
Volunteerism: Sustained helping
Transitions Mandatory Volunteerism: A Contradiction in Terms?
Honesty and lies in everyday life: Is the truth dead?
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science: Increasing Prosocial Behavior
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 5
Self and Identity
Prologue
Looking Ahead
Identity: Asking Who Am I?
Self-concept: What am I like?
Social comparison: Making judgments of oneself
Identity formation: Change or crisis?
Marcia's approach to identity development: Updating Erikson
Identity, race, and ethnicity
The self in a cultural context: Squeaky wheel or pounded nail?
Self-Esteem: Evaluating the Self
Self-esteem: Rating the self
The consequences of self-esteem
Transitions The Downside of High Self-Esteem
Changes in self-esteem during adolescence
Contingent self-worth: The costs of the pursuit of self-esteem
Strategies for raising self-esteem: Where feeling good is not the goal
Career Choices Recreational Program Worker
The benefits of illusions: Is it better to be wrong than right?
Emotional Development
The nature and functions of emotions
The instability of emotions in adolescence
Emotional self-regulation
Adolescent Diversity Cultural differences in displays of emotion
Developing emotional competence
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Promoting Emotional Competence
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 6
Adolescents and Their Families
Prologue
Looking Ahead
Conflict, Autonomy, and Attachment: Negotiating Family Life
The generation gap: Myth or reality?
The nature of conflict
The quest for autonomy: The reasons behind conflict
Attachment: Maintaining connectedness
Autonomy and attachment: Finding the balance
Review and Apply
Parenting: Raising Adolescents in the 21st Century
Parenting styles
Reciprocal socialization: The two-way street of parent-adolescent influence
Cultural differences in child-rearing practices
Adolescent Diversity Transcultural Adoptions
Parental development: Middle adulthood meets adolescence
Who parents?: The differing roles of mothers and fathers
Review and Apply
Adolescents and the Diversity of Their Families
Single-parent families
Divorce
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Coping with Divorce
Multigenerational families
Blended families: Living with stepparents and stepsiblings
Families with gay and lesbian parents
Race, ethnicity, and family life
Transitions Through Adolescence Adolescents as Culture Brokers for their Families
Siblings: Adolescents and their brothers and sisters
Group and foster care: When families fail
Career Choices Social Worker
Poverty: The toll of being raised poor
The bottom line: Families matter
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 7
Peers
Prologue: Web of Friends
Looking Ahead
Connections with Peers
Developmental changes in peer relationships
Peers, age segregation, and age grading
The sex cleavage: Gender and peers
Adolescent Diversity Race Segregation: The Great Divide of Adolescence
Do peers matter? The influence of peers on development
Transitions How Adolescents Influence Their Friends to Be Helpful
Review and Apply
Peer Groups
The characteristics of adolescent peer groups
Adolescent cliques: Belonging to a group
Crowds
Formal groups and organizations
Career Choices Community Group Director
Online social networks: Cyberspace peers
Review and Apply
Popularity
The roots of popularity
The downside of popularity
Unpopularity and rejection
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Developing Your Social Skills
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 8
Intimacy
Prologue
Looking Ahead
Intimacy and Adolescents
Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development
Erikson's approach to intimacy
Reconciling Erikson's and Sullivan's views
Review and Apply
Friends
Adolescents' understanding of friendship: What's a friend?
The role of friendship in adolescents' lives
The benefits (and risks) of friendship
Self-disclosure and adolescent friendships
Becoming friends: The qualities that lead to friendship
Conflict and friendships
Loneliness: Alone in a social world
Review and Apply
Romance and Dating
The functions of dating
Adolescent Diversity Relationship intimacy in African American adolescents
Developmental patterns in dating
Dating in sexual minority youth
Love: It's different from liking
Transitions Fall in Love: How Do Adolescent Relationships Blossom?
The end of romance: Breaking up is hard to do
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Coping With a Breakup
Career Choices Family Counselor
Long-term development and intimacy
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 9
Adolescent Sexuality
Prologue
Looking Ahead
Becoming Sexual
The biology of sex
Masturbation
Sex with a partner
Sexual orientation: Heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality
Adolescent Diversity Disclosing Same-Sex Attraction to Parents
Sexually active adolescents: Who is having sex, and why?
Contraceptive use
Review and Apply
Adolescent Pregnancy
Who gets pregnant?
Explaining the decline in adolescent pregnancy
Transitions Safer Choices: Helping Adolescents to Avoid Unwanted Pregnancy
Consequences of teenage pregnancy
Abortion
Adoption
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science How Adolescents Can Prevent Unwanted Pregnancy
Review and Apply
Sexual Issues and Difficulties
Sexual disorders
Sexually transmitted infection (STI): A risk of sexual activity
Career Choices Sandra Caron, Sex Educator
Sexual harassment
Rape
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 10
Schooling, Education, and Society
Prologue: Middle School Days
Looking Ahead
The Impact of Schools on Adolescents: The Structure of Education
The transition from elementary school
The middle school movement
Research on the success of middle schools: A mixed picture
Adolescent Diversity Multicultural Education
Bilingual education
Home schooling: An alternative to traditional schools
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Smoothing Adolescents' Transition to Middle School
Review and Apply
School Performance
Socioeconomic status and school performance: Individual differences in achievement
Ethnic and racial differences in school achievement
The special problems of boys
Transitions Achievement Testing: Will No Child Be Left Behind?
Expectation effects: How teachers' expectancies influence their students
Dropping out of school
Educating adolescents with special needs
Career Choices Special Education Teacher
Review and Apply
Beyond High School: The Pursuit of Higher Education
Who goes to college?
Gender in the classroom
Overcoming gender and racial barriers to achievement
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Key Terms and Concepts
Epilogue
Chapter 11
Work and Leisure
Prologue
Looking Ahead
Time and Leisure
Spending time
Shifting attention: This is your brain on multitasking
Cross-cultural differences in time use
Media and technology use by adolescents
Transitions Playing Video Games: Does Virtual Aggression Lead to Actual Aggression?
Review and Apply
Work: Students on the Job
Work and education: The historical background
The pros and cons of work
Adolescent Diversity Cross-Cultural Adolescent Work Practices
Job training for adolescents entering the workforce
The elusive link between work and character
Review and Apply
Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life's Work
Perspectives on career development
Career Choices Career Counselor
Career choices and socioeconomic status, gender, and race and ethnicity
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Choosing a Career
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 12
Culture and Diversity
Prologue
Looking Ahead
Culture and Adolescence
Adolescent culture
Acculturation: When cultures collide
Developing an ethnic identity
Transitions When a School Transition Fosters Ethnic Identity Development
Review and Apply
The Diversity of Adolescence
Immigration: Building diversity
Racial and ethnic minority adolescents: Who are they?
Poor adolescents: The impact of socioeconomic status and poverty on adolescents
Review and Apply
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination: The foundations of hate
The roots of prejudice
Sexism: Prejudice and gender
Adolescent Diversity Sexual Minority Adolescents and Sexual Prejudice
Racism: Hatred in color
Career Choices Diversity Counselor
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Taking a Stand Against Prejudice
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Key Terms and Concepts
Epilogue
Chapter 13
Adolescent Problems
Prologue
Looking Ahead
Categorizing Adolescent Difficulties
Distinguishing problems from experimentation
The origin of problems
Review and Apply
Externalizing Difficulties
Juvenile delinquency
School violence
Substance use and abuse in adolescence
Career Choices Substance Abuse Counselor
Runaways and throwaways: Leaving home
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Quitting Smoking Before It Becomes a Lifelong Habit
Review and Apply
Internalizing Problems in Adolescence
Adolescent depression
Adolescent suicide
Transitions Preventing Adolescent Suicide: Dealing with the Crisis in Campus Mental Health
Adolescent abuse: Physical, sexual, and psychological
Adolescent Diversity Are Gay and Lesbian Adolescents at Greater Risk of Committing Suicide?
A final word
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue
Chapter 14
Stress, Coping, and Well-Being
Prologue
Looking Ahead
Stress
Stress: Reactions to threat and challenge
Stressors: What's pleasure for you is stress for me
Circumstances that produce the greatest stress
Transitions Does the Stress of Being Bullied in High School Continue into College?
The high costs of stress
Review and Apply
Coping with Stress
Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping
Social support: Leaning on others
Defensive coping
Opening up: Confronting one's demons
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Adolescent Science Reaping the Benefits of Expressive Writing
Hardiness
Resilience
Cognitive approaches to coping: Thinking stress away
Helping adolescents deal with stress: Effective coping strategies
Career Choices Stress Reduction Therapist
The benefits of stress
Review and Apply
Well-Being and Happiness
Making adolescents happy: The characteristics of happiness
The course of happiness
The components of happiness: Fulfillment of psychological needs
Adolescent Diversity Cultural differences in well-being
Review and Apply
Looking Back
Epilogue