Of war, medicine and modernity - introduction, Roger Cooter and Steve Strudy; the Red Cross flag in the Franco-Prussian war - civilians, humanitarians and war in the modern age, Bertrand Taithe; striving to be separate? civilian and military doctors in Cape Town during te Anglo-Boer war, Molly Sutphen; war as experiment, physiology, innovation and administration in Britain, 1914-1918 - the case of chemical warfare, Steve Sturdy; soldier's heart - the redefinition of heart disease and speciality formation in early 20th century Great Britain, Joel D. Howell; physicians and citizens - US medical women and military service in World War I, Kinberly Jensen; malingering in modernity - psychological scripts and adversarial encounters during World War I, Roger Cooter; status, manpower and mental fitness - mental deficiency in World War I, Mathew Thomson; sex, medicine and morality during World War I, Lutz D.H. Sauerteig; fighting militarism? British nursing during World War II, Penny Starns; fighting research - army participation in the clinical testing and mass production of penicillin during World War II, Peter Neushul; disciplining the emotions - fear, psychiatry and World War II, Joanna Bourke.