SECTION 1:CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS; 1.1 Biology is the study of life and organisms; 1.2 The variety of life; 1.3 Bacteria and viruses; 1.4 Fungi; 1.5 Plants; 1.6 Invertebrate animals; 1.7 Vertibrate animals: five classes; Questions on characteristics and classification; SECTION 2:ORGANISATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ORGANISMS; 2.1 Organisms are made up of cells; 2.2 The organisation of living organisms; Questions on cell organisation; 2.3 Movement in and out of cells; 2.4 Enzymes control biochemical reactions in living organisms; 2.5 Humans use enzymes from microorganisms; 2.6 Enzyme experiments and the scientific method; 2.7 Al living things are made up of organic molecules; 2.8 Testing for biochemicals; 2.9 Food and the ideal diet:carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; 2.10 Food and the ideal diet:vitamins, minerals, water and fibre; 2.11 Food from microorganisms: fungi, bacteria and fermentation; 2.12 The economic importance of yeast: brewing and baking; 2.13 Food is the fuel that drives the process of life; 2.14 Balancing energy intake and energy demand: problems causing malnutrition; Questions on energy; 2.15 Malnutrition and famine; 2.16 Photosynthesis and the environment; Questions on photsynthesis; 2.21 Plants and minerals; 2.22 Nutrition converts food molecules to a usable form; 2.23 Ingestion provides food for the gut to work on; 2.24 Digestion prepares useful food molecules for absorption; 2.25 Absorption and assimilation make food available; Questions on nutrition and health; 2.26 Uptake of water and minerals by roots; 2.27 Transport systems in plants; 2.28 Water movement through the plant: transpiration; 2.29 The leaf and water loss; 2.30 Transport systems in animals use blood as the transport medium; 2.31 Combating infection:blood and defence against disease; 2.32 Antibodies and immune response; 2.33 The circulatory system; 2.34 Materials are exchanged between blood and tissues at the capillaries:tissue fluid is formed; 2.35 The heart is the pump for the circulatory system; 2.36 Control of blood pressure and the benefit of exercise; 2.37 Coronary heart disease; Questions on circulation; 2.38 Respiration provides the energy for life; 2.39 Contraction of muscles requires energy supplied by respiration; 2.40 The measurement of respiration; 2.41 Gas exchange supplies oxygen for respiration; 2.42 Breathing ventilates the lungs; Questions on gas exchange; 2.43 Smoking and diseas; 2.44 Homeostasis:maintaining a steady state; 2.45 Control of body temperature; 2.46 Excretion:removal of the waste products of metabolism; 2.47 Osmoregulation and the treatment of kidney failure; Questions on homeostasis; 2.48 Coordination: the nervous system; 2.49 Neurones can work together in reflex arcs; 2.50 The brain is the processor for the central nervous system; 2.51 Receptors and senses: the eye as a sense organ; Questions on receptors and senses; 2.52 Integration by the central nervous system; 2.53 Drugs and disorders of the nervous system; 2.54 The endoctrine system; 2.55 Sensitivity and movement in plants; SECTION 3: DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS AND THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE; 3.1 Reproduction is an important characteristic of living organisms; 3.2 Reproduction in humans; 3.3 The menstrual cycle; 3.4 Copulation and conception; 3.5 Contraception; 3.6 Pregnancy: the role of the placenta; 3.7 Pregnancy: development and prenatal care; 3.8 Birth and the newborn baby; 3.9 Sexually transmitted diseases; 3.10 Growth; Questions on reproduction and growth; 3.11 Reproduction in flowering plants: flowers; 3.12 Pollination: the transfer of male sex cells to female flower parts; 3.13 Fertilisation and the formation of seeds and fruits; 3.14 Dispersal of seeds and fruit; 3.15 Germination of seeds; 3.16 Vegetative propagation; 3.17 Artificial propagation; 3.18 Variation and inheritance; 3.19 DNA, proteins and the characteristics of organisms; 3.20 Cell division; 3.21 Variation; 3.22 Causes of variation; 3.23 Inheritance; 3.24 Studying patterns and inheritance; 3.25 Inhertited medical conditions and codominance; 3.26 Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes; 3.27 Variation and natural selection: the evolution of species; 3.28 Natural selection; 3.29 Artificial selection; 3.30 Genetic engineering; 3.31 Gene transfer in plants and animals; SECTION 4: RELATIONSHIPS OF ORGANIMS WITH ONE AND ANOTHER AND WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT; 4.1 Ecology and ecosystems; 4.2 Feeding relationships: food chains and food webs; 4.3 Feeding relationships: pyramids of number, biomass and energy; 4.4 Decay is a natural process; 4.5 The carbon cycle; 4.6 The nitrogen cycle; 4.7 Water is recycled too!; Questions on decay and cycles; 4.8 Factors affecting population size; 4.9 Human population growth; 4.10 Human impacts on the environment: pollution of the atmosphere; 4.11 Pollution of water; 4.12 Preventing disease: safe water; 4.13 Humans, agriculture and conservation; 4.14 Pollution of the land; 4.15 Disposal of solid waste; 4.16 Humans may have a positive effect on the environment: conservation; 4.17 Human management of ecosystems; 4.18 Helping the ecosystems: fish farming and horticulture; 4.18 Helping the environment: fuel from fermentation; 4.19 Humans can control disease: using fungi to produce antibodies; 4.20 Controlling disease by understanding vectors; Questions on human impacts on environment
