Table of Contents
List of tables
List of figures
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: The Components of Language
- Introduction
- Linguistics and Language Teachers
1.3 The Layers
1.4 Linguistic competence
1.5 Myths and Truths About Human Language
1.6 Descriptive Linguistics
1.7 How to use this book
Chapter 2: Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Why do we need a phonetic alphabet?
2.3 Articulatory phonetics: How sounds are produced
2.4 Consonants
2.4.1 Places of Articulation
2.4.2 Manners of Articulation
2.5 Consonants in other languages
2.6 Vowels
2.6.1 Diphthongs
2.6.2 Phonics vs. Phonetics - What's the difference?
2.7 Vowels in other languages
2.8 Suprasegmentals
2.8.1 Length
2.8.2 Stress
2.8.3 Pitch
2.9 Syllable-timed vs. Stress-timed languages
2.10 The importance of the [a] in improving pronunciation in English
Recommended Websites
Further Reading
Exercises
References
Chapter 3: Phonology: The patterning of sounds
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What does it mean when we say we know a word?
3.3 Phonemes and Allophones
3.4 Natural Classes
3.4.1 Canadian Raising
3.4.2 Vowel Length in English
3.5 Phonological Processes
3.6 Syllables
3.7 How to help students improve their pronunciation in a second language
Further Reading
Exercises
References
Chapter 4: Morphology: The analysis of words
4.1 Introduction
4.1 Morphemes
4.2 Classifying Morphemes
4.3 Allomorphs
4.4 Inflection
4.5 Other Morphological Processes
4.6 Teaching Principles of Word Formation to Students
Recommended Websites
Further Readings
Exercises
References
Chapter 5: Syntax: The Analysis of Sentences
- Introduction
5.2 Constituency
5.3 Parts of speech
5.4 Phrase structure
5.5 Drawing Tree Diagrams
5.6 Clauses
5.7 Movement
5.8 Application to Teaching and Learning
Further Reading
Exercises
References
Chapter 6: Semantics and Pragmatics: The Study of Meanings
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Lexical Semantics
6.2.1 Sense and Reference
6.2.2 Word Relations
6.2.3 Homophony and Polysemy
6.3 Phrasal Semantics
6.4 Pragmatics
6.4.1 Context
6.4.2 Culture
6.4.3 Attitude and Perspective
6.4.4 Having Effective Conversation: Grice's Maxims
6.4.5 Speech Acts
Exercises
References
Chapter 7: Language in Society
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dialect
7.3 Language variation
7.3.1 Geography
7.3.2 Social Class
7.3.3 Gender
7.3.4 Age
7.4 Language and Identity
7.5 Language and Discrimination
7.6 Nonstandard Dialects
7.6.1 African American English
7.6.2 Chicano English
7.7 Incorporating Sociolinguistics in the Language Classroom
Further Reading
Exercises
References
Chapter 8: Languages in Contact
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Contact Situations
8.3 Borrowing
8.3.1 Lexical Borrowing
8.3.2 Structural Borrowing
8.4 Pidgins
8.5 Creoles
8.6 World Englishes
Exercises
References
Chapter 9: History of English
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Prehistory (to c. 450)
9.3 Old English (c. 450 - c. 1150)
9.4 Middle English (c. 1150 - c. 1450)
9.5 Modern English (c. 1450 - present)
9.6 The Great Vowel Shift
9.7 Northern Cities Chain Shift
Exercises
References
Chapter 10: Bilingualism and language policy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Prevalence of Bilingualism in the World
10.3 Misconceptions about Bilingualism
10.4 Bilingual Education Programs
10.5 Helping Students Become Bilingual
Further Reading
Exercises
References
Chapter 11: Writing systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Written Versus Spoken Language
11.3 Writing Systems
11.3.1 Logographic Systems
11.3.2 Phonographic Systems
11.4 Learning to Read and Write
References
Exercises
Glossary
Index
