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Part 1 History, philosophy and sociology: spinal manipulation before chiropractic; medical and social protest as part of hidden American history; origin and development of traditional chiropractic philosophy; contemporary chiropractic philosophy; the sociology of chiropractic; future options and directions. Part 2 Physiology and biomechanical principles: spinal anatomy - the relationship of structures; physiology of nerve compression; spinal reflex physiology; clinical investigations of the reflex function; systemic effects of spinal lesions; biomechanics of the cervical spine; biomechanics of the lumbar spine; the neurophysiology of spinal pain; pathophysiology of the intervertebral disc; the pathophysiology of zygapophyseal joints; pathophysiology of the sacroiliac joint; interaction of spinal biomechanics and physiologyl. Part 3 Spinal analysis and diagnostic methods: the history and physical examination; manual examination of the spine; the use of instrumentation and laboratory examination procedures by the chiropractic spinal X-rays; advanced imaging modalities; spinal imaging and spinal biomechanics. Part 4 Chiropractic care: effectiveness of spinal manipulation and adjustements; basic principles in the performance of chiropractic adjusting - historical review, classification and objectives; the high-velocity thrust adjustment diversified technique traction an distraction techiques soft tissue and non-force techniques; spinal rehabilitation; musculoskeletal complications; cerebrovascular complications of manipulation.