Table of Contents
Thematic Contents
Preface
Credits
Chapter 1 Writing Myths and Rituals
Writing Fitness: Rituals and Practice
Place, Time, and Tools
Energy and Attitude
Keeping a Journal
Reading Entries I Write-to-Learn Entries I Writing Entries
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
On Keeping a Journal by Roy Hoffman
Chapter 2 Situations, Purposes, and Processes for Writing
The Rhetorical Situation
Elements of the Rhetorical Situation
The Writer I The Occasion I Purpose I Audience I Genre I Context
Why the Rhetorical Situation Is Important
Purposes for Writing
Writer-Based Purposes
Subject- and Audience-Based Purposes
Combinations of Purposes
Subject, Purpose, and Thesis
Purpose and Audience
Audience Analysis
Purpose, Audience, and Genre
Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation
Purpose, Audience, and Context in Two Essays
The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl by Elizabeth Wong
I'm OK, but You're Not by Robert Zoellner
Dimensions of the Writing Process
Collecting
Shaping
Drafting
Revising
The Whole Process
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
A Writing Process at Work: Collecting and Shaping
Athletes and Education by Neil H. Petrie
On Writing `Athletes and Education' by Neil Petrie
A Writing Process at Work: Drafting and Revising
From the Rough Draft of The Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson
Chapter 3 Observing
Techniques for Writing About Observations
Observing People
Observing Places
Observing Objects
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
Take This Fish and Look at It by Samuel H. Scudder
* Trailing History by Scott Vogel
Observing: The Writing Process
Assignment for Observing
Choosing a Subject
Collecting
Sketching I Taking Double-Entry Notes I Answering Questions I Freewriting
Shaping
Spatial Order I Chronological Order I Comparison/Contrast I Definition I Simile, Metaphor, and Analogy I Title, Introduction, and Conclusion
Drafting
Reread Journal Entries and Notes I Reobserve Your Subject I Reexamine Purpose, Audience, Dominant Idea, and Shape I Create a Draft
Revising
Gaining Distance and Objectivity I Rereading and Responding to Your Readers I Guidelines for Revision I Genre I Context
Peer Response
Postscript on the Writing Process
Permanent Tracings by Jennifer Macke (student)
Empty Windows by Stephen White (student)
Chapter 4 Remembering
Techniques for Writing About Memories
Remembering People
Remembering Places
Remembering Events
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self by Alice Walker
Cesar Chavez Saved My Life by Daniel Nene Alejandrez
Remembering: The Writing Process
Assignment for Remembering
Choosing a Subject
Collecting
Shaping
Genre I Chronological Order I Comparison/Contrast I Image I Voice and Tone I Persona I Dialogue I Title, Introduction, and Conclusion
Drafting
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Peer Response
Postscript on the Writing Process
The Wind Catcher by Todd Petry (student)
The Red Chevy by Juli Bovard (student)
Chapter 5 Reading
Techniques for Analyzing and Responding to Texts
Critical Reading Strategies
Double-Entry Log I Critical Rereading Guide
Guidelines for Class Discussion
Summarizing and Responding to an Essay
Teach Diversity-with a Smile by Barbara Ehrenreich
Summarizing
Summary of Teach Diversity-with a Smile
Responding
Types of Responses I Kinds of Evidence
Response to Teach Diversity-with a Smile
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
Letter to America by Margaret Atwood
Casebook on Responses to Climate Change
The IPCC Fourth Assessment by Jerald L. Schnoor
*A Climate Repair Manual by Gary Stix
* The Rise of Renewable Energy by Daniel M. Kammen
* 50 Things You Can Do
Reading and Writing Processes
Assignment for Reading/Writing
Choosing a Subject
Teaching Tolerance in America by Dudley Erskine Devlin
Collecting
Text Annotation I Reading Log
Shaping
Avoiding Plagiarism
Summary Shaping
Description I Paraphrase I Direct Quotation I Avoiding Plagiarism
Sample Summaries
Response Shaping
Analyzing I Agreeing/Disagreeing I Interpreting and Reflecting
Outlines for Summary/Response Essays
Drafting
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Peer Response
Postscript on the Writing Process
Letter to Margaret Atwood by Dean C. Swift (student)
Two Responses to Deborah Tannen by Jennifer Koester and Sonja H. Browe (students)
Chapter 6 Analyzing and Designing Visuals
Techniques for Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Visuals
Composition I Focal Point I Narrative I Themes
Analyzing Visuals with Text
Analyzing Visuals in Context
Progress or Not by Jonathan Alter
Who's a Looter? by Tania Ralli
Analyzing the Genre of the Visual
Rhetorical Appeals to the Audience
Appeal to Reason I Appeal to Emotion I Appeal to Character and Credibility I Combined Appeal in an Ad
Techniques for Designing Visuals
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
* Analysis of RosettaStone Ad by Sarah Kay Hurst (student)
Miss Clairol's `Does She ... or Doesn't She?': How to Advertise a Dangerous Product by James B. Twitchell
Processes for Analyzing and Designing Visuals
Assignment for Analyzing Visuals
Assignment for Designing Visuals
Choosing a Subject
Collecting
Shaping
Analysis Focused on the Visual
Triple Self-Portrait by Charles Rosen and Henri Zerner
Analysis Focused on the Social Context
Out of the Picture on the Abortion Ban by Ellen Goodman
Analysis Focused on the Story
Coming Home by Carolyn Kleiner Butler
Drafting
Peer Response
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Postscript on the Writing Process
Some Don't Like Their Blues at All by Karyn M. Lewis (student)
Weight Loss 101 for the Adult Fitness Program by Lawrence Fletcher (student)
Chapter 7 Investigating
Techniques for Investigative Writing
Report on a Research Study
* Drivers on Cell Phones Are as Bad as Drunks
Brief Report with Graphics
Gimme An A (I Insist!) by Abigail Sullivan Moore
Profile of a Person
* Face to Face by David Kushner
Interview
* Henry Louis Gates Jr. Will Now Take Your Questions
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
Surfin' the Louvre by Elizabeth Larsen
The Homeless and Their Children by Jonathan Kozol
Investigating: The Writing Process
Assignment for Investigating
Choosing a Subject
Community Service Learning
Collecting
Asking Questions I Summarizing I Citing Sources in Your Text
Research Tips
Doing Field Research
Interviewing I Writing Questionnaires
Shaping
Inverted Pyramid I Chronological Order I Comparison and Contrast I Additional Shaping Strategies I Title, Introduction, and Conclusion
Drafting
Peer Response
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Postscript on the Writing Process
The Hollywood Indian by Lauren Strain (student)
My Friend Michelle, an Alcoholic by Bridgid Stone (student)
Chapter 8 Explaining
Techniques for Explaining
Explaining What: Definition
Explaining How: Process Analysis
Explaining Why: Causal Analysis
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
Multiracialness by LaMer Steptoe (student)
How to Take Control of Your Credit Cards by Suze Orman
How Male and Female Students Use Language Differently by Deborah Tannen
Explaining: The Writing Process
Assignment for Explaining
Choosing a Subject
Collecting
Questions I Branching I Observing I Remembering I Reading I Investigating
Research Tips
Shaping
Audience and Genre I Definition and Classification I Example I Voice and Tone I Chronological Order and Process Analysis I Causal Analysis I Introduction and Lead-In I Lead-In, Thesis, and Essay Map I Paragraph Transitions and Hooks I Body Paragraphs
Tips for Integrating Images
Drafting
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Peer Response
Postscript on the Writing Process
* White Lies: White-Collar Crime in America by Chris Blakely (student)
Anorexia Nervosa by Nancie Brosseau (student)
Chapter 9 Evaluating
Techniques for Writing Evaluations
Evaluating Commercial Products or Services
The Hybrid Grows Up, by Consumer Reports
Evaluating Works of Art
* 'American Gothic,' Pitchfork Perfect by Paul Richard
Evaluating Performances
* Slumdog Millionaire by Manohla Dargis
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
Evaluating a Web Site by Robin Williams and John Tollett
All's Not Well in Land of `The Lion King' by Margaret Lazarus
Today's Special by David Sedaris
Evaluating: The Writing Process
Assignment for Evaluating
Choosing a Subject
Collecting
Observing I Remembering I Reading I Investigating
Shaping
Audience and Genre I Analysis by Criteria I Comparison and Contrast I Chronological Order I Causal Analysis I Title, Introduction, and Conclusion
Research Tips
Peer Response
Drafting
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Postscript on the Writing Process
Borrowers Can be Choosy by Linda Meininger (student)
* Vulgar Propriety by Courtney Klockeman (student)
Chapter 10 Problem Solving
Techniques for Problem Solving
Demonstrating That a Problem Exists
Proposing a Solution and Convincing Your Readers
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
*Should Educators Use Commercial Services to Combat Plagiarism? by John Barrie and Rebecca Moore Howard
One Thing to Do About Food by Eric Schlosser, Marion Nestle, Michael Pollan, Troy Duster and Elizabeth Ransom, Peter Singer, and Jim Hightower
The Argument Culture by Deborah Tannen
Problem Solving: The Writing Process
Assignment for Problem Solving
Choosing a Subject
Collecting
Identify and Focus on the Specific Problem I Demonstrate That the Problem Needs a Solution I Discover Possible Solutions I Evaluate Possible Solutions I Convince Your Readers I Answers Possible Objections I List Possible Steps for Implementation I Observing I Remembering I Reading and Investigating
Research Tips
Shaping
Genres for Problem Solving I Outlines for Problem Solving I Causal Analysis I Criteria Analysis I Chronological Order
Drafting
Peer Response
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Postscript on the Writing Process
* Can Citizen Journalism Pick Up the Pieces? by Adam Richman (student)
New Regulations and You by Jessica Cook (student)
Chapter 11 Arguing
Techniques for Writing Arguments
Claims for Written Argument
Claims of Fact or Definition I Claims about Cause and Effect I Claims about Value I Claims about Solutions or Policies
Appeals for Written Argument
Appeal to Reason I Appeal to Character I Appeal to Emotion I Combined Appeals
Rogerian Argument
The Toulmin Method of Argument
Example of a Toulmin Analysis I Using the Toulmin Model
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
The Internet: A Clear and Present Danger? by Cathleen A. Cleaver
* Multigenre Casebook on Web 2.0
* You Have No Friends by Farhad Manjoo
* ...And Why I Hate It by Sarah Kliff
* Facebook U.S. Audience Growth
* Teens Feel Safe on MySpace by Larry D. Rosen
* Protect the Willfully Ignorant by Lily Huang
* Think Before You Post AdCouncil
* Wikipedia and the Meaning of Truth by Simson L. Garfinkel
* Can Wikipedia Handle Stephen Colbert's Truthiness? by James Montgomery
* Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My Class by Neil L. Waters
* Professors Should Embrace Wikipedia by Mark A. Wilson
* Twitter on the Barricades in Iran: Six Lessons Learned by Noam Cohen
Arguing: The Writing Process
Assignment for Arguing
Choosing a Subject
Collecting
Remembering I Observing I Investigating
Analyzing Statistics
Shaping
List Pro and Con Arguments I Draw Circle of Alternative Positions I Outlines for Arguments I Developing Arguments
Research Tips
Drafting
Revising
Revision Guidelines I Revising Fallacies in Logic
Peer Response
Postscript on the Writing Process
Welfare Is Still Necessary for Women and Children in the U.S. by Crystal Sabatke (student)
Standardized Tests: Shouldn't We Be Helping Our Students? by Eric Boese (student)
Chapter 12 Responding to Literature
Responding to a Short Story
The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin
Responding to a Poem
Musee des Beaux Arts by W. H. Auden
Techniques for Responding to Literature
Warming Up: Journal Exercises
Purposes for Responding to Literature
Responding to Short Fiction
Character I Plot I Narrative Point of View I Setting I Style I Theme
The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara
Responding to Poetry
Voice and Tone I Word Choice I Figures of Speech I Sound, Rhyme, and Rhythm I Style I Theme
Five Contemporary Poems by Aurora Levins Morales, Gary Soto, Joy Harjo, Wislawa Szymborska, and Yusef Komunyakaa
Responding to Literature: The Writing Process
Assignment for Responding to Literature
Collecting
Shaping
Explaining Relationships I Evaluating I Arguing I Investigating Changes in Interpretation
Drafting
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Postscript on the Writing Process
* Facing It: Reflections on War by Grace Rexroth (student)
Death: The Final Freedom by Pat Russell (student)
Chapter 13 Researching
Techniques for Researching
Using Purpose, Audience and Genre as Guides
Know Your Purpose / Accommodate Your Audience / Consider Your Genre
Finding the Best Sources: Currency, Reliability, and Relevance
Planning Your Research
Warming Up: Journal Exercise
Maintaining Your Voice and Purpose: Effectively Incorporating Sources
Documenting Your Sources
Research Processes
Assignment for Researching
Choosing a Subject
Narrowing and Focusing Your Subject
Warming Up: Journal Exercise
Developing a Research Strategy
Collecting and Notetaking
Record Bibliographic Information I Note the Source's Relevance, Reliability, and Currency I Summarize Pertinent Source Material I Note Key Quotations ISynthesize Sources in Your Notes I Rethink and Revise Your Hypothesis or Working Thesis
Choosing and Evaluating Sources
Primary and Secondary Sources I Background Information and General Reference I The 21st Century Library: Physical and Online Sources I Online Database Sources I Open Web Sources
Writing Processes
Shaping
Plan I Working Outline
Drafting
What Sources to Cite I Avoiding Plagiarism I How to Cite Sources in Your Text I Identify Cited References (MLA Style)
Revising
Guidelines for Revision
Documenting Sources
In-Text Documentation: MLA Style I Works Cited List: MLA Style I In-Text Documentation: APA Style I References List: APA Style
Foreign Language Study: An American Necessity by Kate McNerny (student) (MLA Format Research Paper)
Appendix: Writing Under Pressure
Know Your Audience
Analyze Key Terms
Make a Sketch Outline
Know the Material
Practice Writing
Proofread and Edit
Sample Essay Questions and Responses
Index
* new to this edition
