I. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Foundations of Human Communication.
Communication Defined.a
Communication Competence
The Message Should Be Understood
The Message Should Achieve Its Intended Effect
The Message Should Be Ethical
Ethics and Communication: What Are Your Sources of Ethical Influence?
Why Study Communication?
To Improve Your Employability
To Improve Your Relationships
To Improve Your Health
Communication Models.
Communication as Action: Message Transfer
Communication as Interaction: Message Exchange
Communication as Transaction: Message Creation
Communication Characteristics.
Communication Is Inescapable
Communication Is Irreversible
Communication Is Complicated
Communication Emphasizes Content and Relationships
Communication Is Governed By Rules
Communication Principles for a Lifetime.
Principle One: Be Aware of Your Communication with Yourself and Others
Principle Two; Effectively Use and Interpret Verbal Messages
Principle Three: Effectively Use and Interpret Nonverbal Messages
Principle Four: Listen and Respond Thoughtfully to Others
Principle Five: Appropriately Adapt Messages to Others
Communicating with Others: Three Situations.
Impersonal Communication
Group Communication
Presentational Communication
2. Self-Awareness and Communication.
Self-Awareness: How Well Do You Know Yourself?
Self-Concept: Who Are You?
Self-Concept Components
One or Many Selves?
How the Self-Concept Develops
Self-Esteem: What Is Your Value?
Communication and the Enhancement of Self-Esteem.
Engage in Positive Self-Talk
Visualize
Reframe
Develop Honest Relationships
Surround Yourself with Positive people
Lose Your Baggage
The Perception Process.
Stage One: Attention and Selection
Stage Two: Organization
Stage Three: Interpretation
Communication and the Enhancement of Perceptual Accuracy.
Increase Your Awareness
Avoid Stereotypes
Check Your Perceptions
3. Understanding Verbal Messages.
Why Focus on Language?
The Nature of Language.
People Use Words as Symbols
People Attach Meaning to Words
People Create Denotative and Connotative Meanings for Words
People Convey Concrete and Abstract Meanings through Words
Meanings Are Culture Bound
Meanings Are Context Bound
The Power of Words.
The Power to Create and Label Experience
The Power to Impact Thoughts and Actions
The Power to Shape and Reflect Culture
The Power to Make and Break Relationships
Confronting Bias in Language
Biased Language: Race, Ethnicity, Nationality, and Religion
Biased Language: Gender and Sexual Orientation
Biased Language: Age, Class, and Ability
Using Words to Establish Supportive Relationships.
Describe Your Own Feelings Rather Than Evaluate Others
Solve Problems Rather Than Control Others
Be Genuine Rather Than Manipulative
Empathize Rather Than Remain Detached from Others
Be Flexible Rather Than Rigid toward Others
Present Yourself as Equal Rather Than Superior
Avoid Gunny-Sacking
4. Understanding Nonverbal Messages.
Why Focus on Nonverbal Communication?
Nonverbal Messages Communicate Feelings and Attitudes
Nonverbal Messages Are More Believable that Verbal
Nonverbal Messages Are Critical to Successful Relationships
Nonverbal Messages Serve Various Functions for Verbal Messages
The Nature of Nonverbal Communication.
The Culture-Bound Nature of Nonverbal Communication.
The Rule-Governed Nature of Nonverbal Communication
The Ambiguous Nature of Nonverbal Communication
The Continuous Nature of Nonverbal Communication
The Nonlinguistic Nature of Nonverbal Communication
The Multichanneled Nature of Nonverbal Communication
Codes of Nonverbal Communication.
Appearance
Body Movement, Gestures, and Posture
Eye Contact
Facial Expressions
Touch
The Voice
Environment, Space and Territory
How to Interpret Nonverbal Cues More Accurately.
Immediacy
Arousal
Dominance
5. Listening and Responding.
How We Listen.
Selecting
Attending
Understanding
Remembering
Responding
Listening Styles
People-Oriented Listening Style
Action-Oriented Listening Style
Content-Oriented Listeners
Time-Oriented Listeners
Adapting to Your Listening Style
Diversity and Communication: East and West Listening Styles
Listening Barriers.
Self-Barriers
Information-Processing Barriers
Context Barriers
Improving Your Listening Skills.
Stop: Turn Off Competing Messages
Look: Listen with Your Eyes
Listen: Understand Both Details and major Ideas
Responding Skills.
Be Descriptive
Be Timely
Be Brief
Be Useful
Responding with Empathy.
Understand Your Partner's Feelings
Ask Appropriate Questions
Paraphrase Message Content
Paraphrase Emotions
6. Adapting to Others: Bridging Culture and Gender Differences.
Ethically Adapt Your Communication to Others
Culture and Communication.
Defining Culture
Cultural Contexts
Cultural Values
Decentralized and Centralized Approaches to Power and Cultural Values
Gender and Communication.
The Importance of Gender in Culture
Why Women and Men Communicate Versus How
Barriers to Bridging Differences and Adapting to Others.
Assuming Superiority
Assuming Similarity
Assuming Differences
Stereotyping and Prejudice
Different Communication Codes
Adapting to Others Who Are Different from You.
Seek Information
Listen and Ask Questions
Tolerate Ambiguity
Develop Mindfulness
Become Other-Oriented
Adapt to Others
II. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION.
7. Understanding Interpersonal Communication.
What Is Interpersonal Communication?
Interpersonal Communication Involves Quality
Interpersonal Communication Involves Mutual Influence
Interpersonal Communication Helps manage Relationships
Initiating Relationships
Interpersonal Attraction: Why We Like Whom We Like
Communicating Our Attraction
Getting That First Conversation Going
Maintaining Relationships
Self-Disclosure: Revealing Yourself to Others
Two Models of Self-Disclosure
Expressing Emotions
8. Enhancing Relationships.
The Importance of Friendship
The Importance of Family
The Importance of Colleagues
Stages of Relationship Development
Relational Escalation
Relational De-Escalation
Managing Interpersonal Conflict
A World of Conflict
How Conflict Functions in Relationships
Styles of Managing Conflict
Conflict Management Skills
III. COMMUNICATING IN GROUPS AND TEAMS.
9. Understanding Group and Team Performance.
Groups and Teams Defined.
Communicating in Small Groups
Communicating in Teams
Understanding Types of Groups and Teams.
Primary Groups
Study Groups
Therapy Groups
Problem-Solving Groups
Focus Groups
Social Groups
Understanding Group and Team Dynamics.
Roles
Rules
Norms
Status
Power
Cohesiveness
Communication Interaction Patterns
Understanding Group and Team Phases of Development.
Orientation
Conflict
Emergence
Reinforcement
The Process Nature of Group Phases
10. Enhancing Group and Team Performance.
What Effective Group Members Do.
Identify and Implement Key Functions to Achieve Results
Identify and Clear, Elevating Goal
Gather and Use Information Effectively
Develop a Results-Driven Structure
Develop Options
Evaluate Ideas
Develop Sensitivity toward Others
When Not to Work in Groups
Structuring Group and Team Problem Solving.
Step 1: Identify and Define the Problem
Step 2: Analyze the Problem
Step 3: Generate Creative Solutions
Step 4: Select the Best Solution
Step 5: Take Action
Enhancing Team Leadership.
Trait Approach
Functional Approach
Styles Approach
Situational Approach
Transformational Leadership
Enhancing Group and Team Meetings.
Manage Meeting Structure
Manage Meeting Interaction
IV. PRESENTATIONAL SPEAKING.
11. Developing Your Presentation.
An Overview of the Presentational Speaking Process.
Understanding Speaker Anxiety.
Managing Speaker Anxiety.
Know How to Develop a Presentation
Be Prepared
Focus on Your Audience
Focus on Your Message
Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk
Use Deep-Breathing Techniques
Take Advantage of Opportunities to Speak
Seek Available Professional Help
Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic.
Who Is the Audience?
What Is the Occasion?
What Are My Interests and Experiences?
Silent Brainstorming
Scanning Web Directories and Web Pages
Listening and Reading for Topic Ideas
Identifying Your Purpose.
General Purpose
Specific Purpose
Developing Your Central Idea.
Audience Centered
A Single Topic
A Compete Declarative Sentence
Direct, Specific Language
Generating Main Ideas.
Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions?
Can You Think of Several Reasons the Central Idea Is True?
Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps or a Chronological Sequence?
Gathering Supporting Material.
Sources of Supporting Material
Types of Supporting Material
Acknowledgement of Supporting Material
12. Organizing and Outlining Your Presentation.
Organizing Your Main Ideas.
Organizing Ideas Chronologically
Organizing Ideas Topically
Organizing Ideas Spatially
Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect
Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution
Organizing Your Supporting Material.
Organizing Your Presentation for the Ears of Others.
Previews
Verbal and Nonverbal Transitions
Summaries
Introducing and Concluding Your Presentation.
Introductions
Conclusions
Outlining Your Presentation.
Preparation Outline
Delivery Outline
Technology and Communication: Using Outlining Software
A Sample Preparation Outline
A Sample Delivery Outline
13. Delivering Your Presentation.
Methods of Delivery.
Manuscript Speaking
Memorized Speaking
Impromptu Speaking
Extemporaneous Speaking
Effective Verbal Delivery.
Using Words Well
Creating Memorable Word Structures
Effective Nonverbal Delivery.
Eye Contact
Physical Delivery
Facial Expression
Vocal Delivery
Appearance
Effective Presentation Aids.
Types of Presentation Aids
Computer-Generated Presentation Aids
Guidelines for Preparing Presentation Aids
Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids
Some Final Tips for Rehearsing and Delivering Your Presentation.
14. Speaking to Inform.
Types of Informative Presentations.
Presentations about Objects
Presentations about Procedures
Presentations about People
Presentations about Events
Presentations about Ideas
Strategies for Organizing Your Informative Presentation
Organizing Presentations about Objects
Organizing Presentations about Procedures
Organizing Presentations about People
Organizing Presentations about Events
Organizing Presentations about Ideas
Strategies for Making Your Informative Presentation Clear.
Simplify Ideas
Pace Your Information Flow
Relate New Information to Old
Strategies for Making Your Informative Speech Interesting.
Relate to Your Listener's Interests
Use Attention-Catching Supporting Material
Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You
Use Word Pictures
Creat Intersting Presentation Aids
Use Humor
Strategies for Making Your Presentation Memorable.
Build in Redundancy
Use Adult Learning Principles
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally
Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally
15. Speaking to Persuade.
Persuasion Defined.
Motivating Your Audience: The Psychology of Persuasion.
Motivating with Dissonance
Motivating with Needs
Motivating with Fear Appeals
Motivating wit Positive Appeals
Selecting and Narrowing Your Persuasive Topic.
Identifying Your Persuasive Purpose.
Developing Your Central Idea as a Persuasive Proposition.
Propositions of Fact
Propositions of Value
Propositions of Policy
Supporting Your Presentation with Credibility, Logic, and Emotion: Strategies for Persuading Your Audience.
Ethos: Establishing Your Credibility
Logos: Using Evidence and Reasoning
Pathos: Using Emotion
Organizing Your Persuasive Message
Problem and Solution
Cause and Effect
Refutation
The Motivate Sequence
How to Adapt Ideas to People and People to Ideas.
The Receptive Audience
The Neutral Audience
The Unreceptive Audience
Appendix A. Interviewing.
The Nature and Types of Interviews
Information-Gathering Interview
Appraisal Interview
Problem-Solving Interview
Persuasion Interview
Job Interview
Interview Structure
The Opening
The Body: Asking Questions
Questioning Sequences
The Conclusion
How to Be Interviewed for a Job
Be Aware of Your Skill and Abilities
Prepare Your Resume
Identify the Needs of Your Employer
Listen, Respond, and Ask Appropriate Questions
Follow Up after the Interview
How to Be Interviewed for an Information-Gathering Interview
Prepare for the Interview
Listen Effectively
Respond Appropriately
The Responsibilities of the Interviewer
Be Aware of Biases and Prejudices
Adapt to an Interviewee's behavior
Deal Wisely with Sensitive Content
Listen Effectively
Record Information
Ask Appropriate Questions
Appendix B: Communication and Technology.
Technology and Interpersonal Communication
An Impersonal Technological Innovation
The Role of Technology in Relationship Initiation
The Role of Technology in Relationship Maintenance
Technology and Group Communication
The Technological Formation of Small Groups
Teleconferencing
The Effects of Technology on Group Interaction
Source Material for Presentations
Technological Innovations and Presentation Aids
Technology and Enhanced Speech Delivery
Appendix C. Sample Speeches for Discussion and Evaluation.
