*=NEW TO THIS EDITION ; 1. THE NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY ; What is Philosophy?, Monroe C. Beardsley and Elizabeth Lane Beardsley ; HISTORICAL SOURCE ; Defence of Socrates, Plato ; 2. REASONING ; The Scope of Logic, Wesley C. Salmon ; Improving Your Thinking, Stephen F. Barker ; Fixing Belief, Morris R. Cohen and Ernest Nagel ; Scientific Inquiry, Carl G. Hempel ; 3. KNOWLEDGE ; What Is Knowledge?, A. J. Ayer ; Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?, Edmund L. Gettier ; * Conditions for Knowledge, Robert Nozick ; Appearance and Reality, Bertrand Russell ; What Can I Know?, D. Z. Phillips ; The Problem of Induction, Bertrand Russell ; * Induction Without a Problem, P. F. Strawson ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes ; * An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke ; * A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, George Berkeley ; An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume ; * The Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant ; 4. MIND ; The Ghost in the Machine, Gilbert Ryle ; The Mind as a Function of the Body, Richard Taylor ; What Is It Like to Be a Bat?, Thomas Nagel ; * Knowing What It's Like, David Lewis ; Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Alan Turing ; Do Computers Think?, John Searle ; HISTORICAL SOURCE ; Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes ; 5. FREE WILL ; Free Will, Thomas Nagel ; * Free Will and Determinism, W. T. Stace ; Free Will or Determinism?, Steven M. Cahn ; The Principle of Alternative Possibilities, Harry Frankfurt ; * The Capacities of Agents, Neil Levy ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume ; * The Dilemma of Determinism, William James ; 6. GOD ; * Does God Exist?, Ernest Nagel ; Why God Allows Evil, Richard Swinburne ; Theology and Falsification, Antony Flew and Basil Mitchell ; Pascal's Wager, Simon Blackburn ; * Faith and Reason, Michael Scriven ; The Hiddenness of God, Robert McKim ; * Religion Without God, Steven M. Cahn ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; * Euthyphro, Plato ; * Proslogion; On Behalf of the Fool; Reply to Gaunilo, Anselm and Gaunilo ; * Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes ; * The Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant ; Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas ; * Natural Theology, William Paley ; * Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, David Hume ; * The Wager, Blaise Pascal ; * The Ethics of Belief, W. K. Clifford ; * The Will to Believe, William James ; * 7. IDENTITY AND IMMORTALITY ; * A Case of Identity, Brian Smart ; * The Problem of Personal Identity, John Perry ; * Resurrection, John H. Hick ; * Heaven and Hell, Steven M. Cahn ; * Life After Death, Terence Penelhum ; * Do We Need Immortality?, Grace M. Jantzen ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; * An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke ; * A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume ; * Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, Thomas Reid ; 8. ETHICS ; The Challenge of Cultural Relativism, James Rachels ; How Not to Answer Moral Questions, Tom Regan ; * Kant's Ethics, Onora O'Neill ; * Assessing Utilitarianism, Louis P. Pojman ; A Supreme Moral Principle?, Steven M. Cahn ; Virtue Ethics, Bernard Mayo ; The Ethics of Care, Virginia Held ; Happiness and Morality, Christine Vitrano ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle ; Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant ; Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill ; * Beyond Good and Evil, Friedrich Nietzsche ; * Existentialism, Jean-Paul Sartre ; 9. MORAL PROBLEMS ; A Defense of Abortion, Judith Jarvis Thomson ; Why Abortion is Immoral, Don Marquis ; Active and Passive Euthanasia, James Rachels ; Active and Passive Euthanasia: A Reply, Thomas D. Sullivan ; Famine, Affluence, and Morality, Peter Singer ; World Hunger and Moral Obligation, John Arthur ; 10. SOCIETY ; Democracy, John Dewey ; What Is a Liberal Education?, Sidney Hook ; Letter from a Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King, Jr. ; Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands, Michael Walzer ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; Crito, Plato ; On Liberty, John Stuart Mill ; * 11. SOCIAL JUSTICE ; * A Theory of Justice, John Rawls ; * The Entitlement Theory, Robert Nozick ; * The Idea of Justice, Amartya Sen ; * Non-contractual Society: A Feminist View, Virginia Held ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; * The Republic, Plato ; * Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes ; * Second Treatise of Government, John Locke ; * Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Karl Marx ; * 12. ART ; * The Role of Theory in Aesthetics, Morris Weitz ; * Interpreting Poetry, Charles L. Stevenson ; * Fearing Fictions, Kendall Walton ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; * The Republic, Plato ; * Poetics, Aristotle ; * 13. LIFE AND DEATH ; The Meaning of Life, Richard Taylor ; * Meaning in Life, Susan Wolf ; * Meaningless Lives?, Steven M. Cahn ; * Death, Thomas Nagel ; HISTORICAL SOURCES ; Phaedo, Plato ; * Writings, Epicurus ; * The Handbook, Epictetus ; 14. THE VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY ; The Value of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell ; HISTORICAL SOURCE ; * The Republic, Plato ; BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ; SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING ; INDEX