Preface
I THE WRITING PROCESS
1 Developing Ideas
Starting
Focusing
Checklist for a Thesis Sentence
Developing Ideas
2 Drafting and Revising
Reading Drafts
Peer Review: The Benefits of Having a Real Audience
Checklist for Peer Review
SUKI HUDSON, Two Sides of a Story (Student Essay)
Checklist for Drafting and Revising
3 Shaping Paragraphs
Paragraph Form and Substance
Paragraph Unity: Topic Sentences, Topic Ideas
Unity in Paragraphs
Organization in Paragraphs
Coherence in Paragraphs
Linking Paragraphs Together
CHERYL LEE, The Story Behind the Gestures (Student Essay)
Paragraph Length
Introductory Paragraphs
Concluding Paragraphs
Checklist for Revising Paragraphs
4 Revising for Conciseness
Instant Prose
Extra Words and Empty Words
Extra Sentences, Extra Clauses: Subordination
Some Concluding Remarks About Conciseness
Checklist for Revising for Conciseness
5 Revising for Clarity
Clarity
Clarity and Exactness: Using the Right Word
Clarity and Coherence
Clarity and Sentence Structure: Parallelism
Checklist for Revising for Clarity
6 Writing with Style
Academic Styles, Academic Audiences
Defining Style
Style and Tone
Acquiring Style
Part II COLLEGE WRITING
7 Analyzing Texts
Analyzing an Image
Analyzing Advertisements
Checklist for Analyzing Advertisements
Analyzing Texts
Analysis Versus Summary and Paraphrase
The Gettysburg Address: Summary, Paraphrase, Analysis
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, The Gettysburg Address
Paraphrasing and Summarizing Literary Texts
Classifying and Thinking
Cause and Effect
DOLORES HAYDEN, Advertisements, Pornography, and Public Space
Analysis and Description
Comparing
Checklist for Revising Comparisons
Process Analysis
ANNE HEBALD MANDELBAUM, It's the Portly Penguin That Gets the Girl, French Biologist Claims
Explaining an Analysis
8 Persuading Readers
Emotional Appeals
Making Reasonable Arguments
Claims and Evidence
Three Kinds of Claims: Claims of Fact, Value, and Policy
Three Kinds of Evidence: Examples, Testimony, Statistics
A Note on Definition in the Persuasive Essay
LENA FLORA, The Plight of the Politically Correct (Student Essay)
How Much Evidence Is Enough?
Two Kinds of Reasoning: Induction and Deduction
Avoiding Fallacies
Wit
Tone and Ethical Appeal
A Note on Critical Thinking
Organizing an Argument
Checklist for Revising Drafts of Persuasive Essays
Persuasion at Work: Two Writers Consider Torture
PHILIP B HEYMANN, Torture Should Not Be Authorized
ALAN M DERSHOWITZ, Yes, It Should Be "On the Books"
9 Using Sources
Why Use Sources?
What Is a Source? Primary and Secondary Materials
Developing a Research Topic
The Library's Central Information System
Using the Internet
Checklist for Evaluating Websites
Reading and Taking Notes on Secondary Sources
Acknowledging Sources
Checklist for Avoiding Plagiarism
10 Writing the Research Essay
Writing the Essay
Checklist for Revising Drafts of Research Essays
A Sample Research Essay (MLA Format)
BEATRICE CODY, Politics and Psychology in The Awakening (Student Essay)
A Sample Research Essay (APA Format)
JACOB ALEXANDER, Nitrite: Preservative or Carcinogen? (Student Essay)
III A WRITER'S HANDBOOK
11 Punctuating Sentences
Three Common Errors: Fragments, Comma Splices, and Run-On Sentences
The Period
The Question Mark
The Colon
The Semicolon
The Comma
The Dash
Parentheses
Italics
Capital Letters
The Hyphen
The Apostrophe
Abbreviations
Numbers
12 Using the Right Word
A Note on Idioms
A Writers Glossary
13 Documenting Sources
Documentation
MLA Format
APA Format
A Note on Other Systems of Documentation
14 Preparing the Manuscript
Basic Manuscript Form
Using Quotations (and Punctuating Them Correctly)
Corrections in the Final Copy
Last Words
Credits
Index