This advanced grammar text encourage readers to think critically about grammar and exposes them to a variety of linguistic theories.

Preface.

1. Introduction.

What Is Grammar?

Grammar Versus Usage.

Descriptive Grammars.

Grammatical Prototypes.

Learning About Grammar.

Aids to Learning About Language.

Diagramming.

IC Analysis.

Phrase Structure Trees.

Suggestions for Reading This Book.

Key Terms.

Endnotes.

2. Varieties of English.

Regional Dialects.

Social Dialects.

Standard American English.

Styles.

Second Language Acquisition.

English in an International Context.

Summary.

Key Terms.

Endnotes.

3. The Morphology of English.

Morphemes.

Allomorphs.

Inflectional Morphemes.

Noun Inflections.

Verb Inflections.

Adjective and Adverb Inflections.

Functional Shift.

Derivational Morphemes.

Form Classes and Structure Classes.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

4. Form-Class Words.

Form and Function.

Forms with Overlapping Functions.

Nouns.

Prototypes and Peripheral Cases.

Subclasses and Features.

Noun Subclasses.

Verbs.

Verb Subclasses.

Adjectives.

Adjective Subclasses.

Adverbs.

Adverb Subclasses.

Analyzing Form and Function.

Comments and Suggestions.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

Endnotes.

5. Structure-Class Words.

Structure-Class versus Form-Class Words.

Determiners.

Diagrams and Trees.

Auxiliaries.

Modal Euxiliaries.

Have.

Be.

Do.

Diagrams and Trees.

Qualifiers.

Diagrams and Trees.

Prepositions.

Prepositional Phrases Functioning Adverbially.

Prepositional Phrases Functioning Adjectivally.

Diagrams and Trees.

Differences Between Prepositions and Adverbs.

Differences Between Prepositions and Verb Particles.

Differences Between Verb Particles and Adverbs.

Pronouns.

Pronouns as Noun-Phrase Substitutes.

Personal Pronouns.

Reflexive Pronouns.

Reciprocal Pronouns.

Indefinite Pronouns.

Conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions.

Conjunctive Adverbs.

Subordinating Conjunctions.

Relatives.

Interrogatives.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

Endnote.

6. Phrases.

Subjects and Predicates.

Form and Function.

Recognizing Phrase Types.

The Main Verb Phrase.

Creating Verb Phrases.

Time, Tense, and Aspect.

Simple Tenses.

Modals- Finite and Nonfinite Verb Forms.

Compound Verb Forms - Perfect and Progressive.

The Meaning of Modals.

Other Auxiliaries.

Have and Be as Main Verbs.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

Endnotes.

7. Five Basic Sentence Types.

Binary Structure.

Type I - The Intransitive Type.

Types II, III, and IV - Linking (Copular) Types.

Type II - The Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place.

Type III - The Linking Verb Type with Adjectival Subject Complement.

Type IV - The Linking Verb Type with Nominal Subject Complement.

Type V - The Transitive Type.

Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects.

Transitive Verbs with Object Complements.

Distinguishing Between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types.

Verbs That Function in More Than One Sentence Type.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

8. Basic Sentence Transformations.

The Indirect Object Transformation.

Indirect Objects and Object Complements.

The Passive Transformation.

Direct and Indirect Objects.

Other Transformations.

Negative Sentences.

Negative Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs.

Negative Sentences with Be.

Negative Sentences Without Auxiliary Verbs or Be.

Interrogative Sentences.

Yes/No Questions.

Wh-Questions.

Imperative Sentences.

Verbs in Imperative Sentences.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

9. Finite Verb Clauses, Part I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses.

Sentence Varieties.

Subordinate Clauses.

Diagramming Subordinate Clauses.

Subordinate Clauses That Can Function Adverbially or Adjectivally.

Relative Clauses.

Relative Clauses Within Prepositional Phrases.

Diagramming Relative Clauses.

The Omission of Relative Pronouns.

Relative Adverbs.

Relative Clauses Contrasted with Adverbial Subordinate Clauses.

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

Endnote.

10. Finite Verb Clauses, Part II: Nominal Clauses.

That-Clauses.

Difference Between Relative Clauses and Nominal That-Clauses.

Appositive That-Clauses.

Relative Clauses and Deletion Transformations: Appositives

Functions of Nominal That-Clauses.

Diagramming Nominal That-Clauses.

Interrogative Clauses.

Diagramming Interrogative Clauses.

Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses.

Elliptical Dependent Clauses.

Nominal Clauses - The Omission of That

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

11. Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part I: Infinitive Phrases.

Infinitive Phrases.

Diagramming Infinitive Phrases.

Clauses Embedded Within Infinitive Phrases.

Passive Infinitives.

Infinitives Without To.

Functions of Infinitive Phrases.

Adverbial Infinitives.

Adjectival Infinitives.

Nominal Infinitives.

Differences Between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases.

Peripheral Case - Ought to.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

Endnote.

12. Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part II: Participle and Gerund Phrases.

Present-Participle Phrases.

Functions of Present Participle Phrases.

Diagramming Present Participle Phrases.

Differences Between Present Participle and Adjectives.

Gerunds.

Functions of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases.

Differences Between Gerunds and Present Participles.

Differences Between Gerunds and Nouns.

Differences Between Gerunds and Participles.

Past-Participle Phrases.

Functions of Past Participle Phrases.

Differences Between Adjectival and Adverbial Past Participles.

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Participle Phrases.

Differences Between Past Participles and Adjectives.

Nominative Absolutes.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

Appendix: The Sounds of American English. Consonants of English.

Consonants of English.

Allophones.

Vowels of English.

American Pronunciation.

Pronunciation and Spelling.

Phonics and Phonemic Awareness.

Sound Changes.

Summary.

Review Exercises.

Key Terms.

Glossary.

Index.