Part I Neurobiology of ketamine effects Effects of ketamine and other rapidly acting antidepressants on hippocampal excitatory and inhibitory transmission Allie J. Widman and Lori L. McMahon Antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine: Focus on GABAergic inhibition Bernhard Luscher, Mengyang Feng and Sarah J. Jefferson The role of eEF2 kinase in the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine Kanzo Suzuki and Lisa M. Monteggia Part II The rapid therapeutic effects of ketamine Clinical overview of NMDA-R antagonists and clinical practice Pasha A. Davoudian and Samuel T. Wilkinson Ketamine for depression clinical issues Syed Z. Iqbal and Sanjay J. Mathew Chronic stress pathology and ketamine-induced alterations in functional connectivity in major depressive disorder: An abridged review of the clinical evidence Lynnette A. Averill, Samar Fouda, James W. Murrough and Chadi G. Abdallah Neurobiological biomarkers of response to ketamine Bashkim Kadriu, Elizabeth D. Ballard, Ioline D. Henter, Stephen Murata, Nimesha Gerlus and Carlos A. Zarate Jr Relapse prevention in treatment resistant major depressive disorder with rapid-acting antidepressants Jaskaran B. Singh, Maggie Fedgchin, Ella J. Daly and Wayne C. Drevets The emergence of ketamine as a novel treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder Adriana Feder, Sarah B. Rutter, Daniela Schille and Dennis S. Charney Part III Novel rapid-acting antidepressant mechanisms related to ketamine mGlu2/3 receptor as a novel target for rapid acting antidepressants Shigeyuki Chaki Involvement of muscarinic receptor mechanisms in antidepressant drug action Jeffrey M. Witkin, Jodi L. Smith, Lalit K. Golani, Emily A. Brooks and Anna E. Martin The antidepressant efficacy of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine: Past findings and future directions Wayne C. Drevets, Anindya Bhattacharya and Maura L. Furey