Letter from the Authors About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments 1. Anthropology: Asking Questions About Humanity How Did Anthropology Begin? The Disruptions of Industrialization The Theory of Evolution Colonial Origins of Cultural Anthropology Anthropology as a Global Discipline What Do the Four Subfields of Anthropology Have in Common? Culture Cultural Relativism Human Diversity Change Holism How Do Anthropologists Know What They Know? The Scientific Method in Anthropology When Anthropology Is Not a Science: Interpreting Other Cultures How Do Anthropologists Put Their Knowledge to Work in the World? Applied and Practicing Anthropology: The Fifth Subfield? Putting Anthropology to Work What Ethical Obligations Do Anthropologists Have? Do No Harm. But Is That Enough? Take Responsibility for Your Work. But How Far Does That Go? Share Your Findings. But Who Should Control Those Findings? CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Edward Burnett Tylor and the Culture Concept DOING FIELDWORK: Conducting Holistic Research with Stanley Ulijaszek THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Anthropologists are Innovative THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Key Characteristics of Anthropologists in the Workplace A WORLD IN MOTION: George A. Dorsey and the Anthropology of Immigration in the Early Twentieth Century 2. Culture: Giving Meaning to Human Lives What Is Culture? Elements of Culture Defining Culture in This Book If Culture Is Always Changing, Why Does It Feel So Stable? Symbols Values Norms Traditions How Do Social Institutions Express Culture? Culture and Social Institutions American Culture Expressed Through Breakfast Cereals and Sexuality Can Anybody Own Culture? CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Franz Boas and the Relativity of Culture ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Michael Ames and Collaborative Museum Exhibits THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Cultural Anthropology and Human Possibilities 3. Ethnography: Studying Culture What Distinguishes Ethnographic Fieldwork from Other Types of Social Re-search? Fieldwork Seeing the World from the Native's Point of View Avoiding Cultural Tunnel Vision How Do Anthropologists Actually Do Ethnographic Fieldwork? Participant Observation: Disciplined Hanging Out Interviews: Asking and Listening Scribbling: Taking Fieldnotes What Other Methods Do Cultural Anthropologists Use? Comparative Method Genealogical Method Life Histories Ethnohistory Rapid Appraisals Action Research Anthropology at a Distance Analysis of Secondary Materials Special Issues Facing Anthropologists Studying Their Own Societies What Unique Ethical Dilemmas Do Ethnographers Face? Protecting Informant Identity Anthropology, Spying, and War CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Bronislaw Malinowski on the Ethnographic Method ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Alcida Rita Ramos and In-digenous Rights in Brazil A WORLD IN MOTION: Transnational Migration, Ethnographic Mobility, and Digital Fieldwork 4. Linguistic Anthropology: Relating Language and Culture How Do Anthropologists Study Language? Where Does Language Come From? Evolutionary Perspectives on Language Historical Linguistics: Studying Language Origins and Change How Does Language Actually Work? Descriptive Linguistics Sociolinguistics Does Language Shape How We Experience the World? The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Hopi Notions of Time Ethnoscience and Color Terms Is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Correct? If Language Is Always Changing, Why Does It Seem So Stable? Linguistic Change, Stability, and National Policy Language Stability Parallels Cultural Stability How Does Language Relate to Power and Social Inequality? Language Ideology Gendered Language Styles Language and Social Status Language and the Legacy of Colonialism Language Ideology and New Media Technologies CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Edward Sapir on How Language Shapes Cul-ture DOING FIELDWORK: Helping Communities Preserve Endangered Languages THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Career Trajectories for Undergraduates with a Linguistic Anthropology Background A WORLD IN MOTION: The Emergence of a New Language in the Northern Territory of Australia 5. Globalization and Culture: Understanding Global Interconnections Is the World Really Getting Smaller? Defining Globalization The World We Live In What Are the Outcomes of Global Integration? Colonialism and World Systems Theory Cultures of Migration Resistance at the Periphery Globalizing and Localizing Identities Doesn't Everyone Want to Be Developed? What Is Development? Development Anthropology Anthropology of Development Change on Their Own Terms If the World Is Not Becoming Homogenized, What Is Actually Happening? Cultural Convergence Theories Hybridization How Can Anthropologists Study Global Interconnections? Defining an Object of Study Multi-Sited Ethnography CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Eric Wolf, Culture, and the World System DOING FIELDWORK: Tracking Emergent Forms of Citizenship with Aihwa Ong THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Coldplay and the Global Citizen Festival 6. Foodways: Finding, Making, and Eating Food Why Is There No Universal Human Diet? Human Dietary Adaptability and Constraints Cultural Influences on Human Evolution: Digesting Milk Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting? Foodways and Culture Foodways Are Culturally Constructed Foodways Communicate Symbolic Meaning Foodways Mark Social Boundaries and Identities Foodways Are Dynamic How Do Different Societies Get Food? Foraging Horticulture Pastoralism Intensive Agriculture Industrial Agriculture How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing? Industrial Food Systems and Access to Healthy Food Industrial Foods, Sedentary Lives, and the Nutrition Transition The Return of Local and Organic Foods? The Biocultural Logic of Local Foodways CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Audrey Richards and the Study of Foodways ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Urban Black Food Justice With Ashante Reese A WORLD IN MOTION: Instant Ramen Noodles Take Over the Globe 7. Environmental Anthropology: Relating to the Natural World Do All People See Nature in the Same Way? The Human-Nature Divide? The Cultural Landscape How Does Non-Western Knowledge of Nature Relate to Science? Ethnoscience Traditional Ecological Knowledge Are Industrialized Western Societies the Only Ones to Conserve Nature? Anthropogenic Landscapes The Culture of Modern Nature Conservation Is Collaborative Conservation Possible? How Do Social and Cultural Factors Drive Environmental Destruction? Population and Environment Ecological Footprint Political Ecology Anthropology Confronts Climate Change CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Roy Rappaport's Insider and Outsider Models DOING FIELDWORK: James Fairhead and Melissa Leach on Misreading the African Landscape THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Careers in Sustainability A WORLD IN MOTION: Migrant Caravans, Global Warming, and Ecological Refugees 8. Economics: Working, Sharing, and Buying Is Money Really the Measure of All Things? Culture, Economics, and Value The Neoclassical Perspective The Substantivist-Formalist Debate The Marxist Perspective The Cultural Economics Perspective So, How is Value Established? How Does Culture Shape the Value and Meaning of Money? The Cultural Dimensions of Money Money and the Distribution of Power Why Does Gift Exchange Play Such an Important Role in All Societies? Gift Exchange and Economy: Two Classic Approaches Gift Exchange in Market-Based Economies What Is the Point of Owning Things? Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Property Appropriation and Consumption Does Capitalism Have Distinct Cultures? Culture and Social Relations on Wall Street Entrepreneurial Capitalism Among Malays CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Marshall Sahlins on Exchange in Traditional Economies ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Jim Yong Kim's Holistic, On-the-Ground Approach to Fighting Poverty THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: The Economics of Anthropology 9. Politics: Cooperation, Conflict, and Power Relations Does Every Society Have a Government? The Idea of Politics and the Problem of Order Structural-Functionalist Models of Political Stability Neo-Evolutionary Models of Political Organization: Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States Challenges to Traditional Political Anthropology What Is Political Power? Defining Political Power Political Power Is Action-Oriented Political Power Is Structural Political Power Is Gendered Political Power in Non-State Societies The Political Power of the Contemporary Nation-State Why Do Some Societies Seem More Violent Than Others? What Is Violence? Violence and Culture Explaining the Rise of Violence in Our Contemporary World How Do People Avoid Aggression, Brutality, and War? What Disputes Are About How People Manage Disputes Is Restoring Harmony Always the Best Way? CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: E. E. Evans-Pritchard on Segmentary Lineages ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Maxwell Owusu and Democracy in Ghana 10. Race, Ethnicity, and Class: Understanding Identity and Social Inequality Is Race Biological? The Biological Meanings (and Meaninglessness) of Human Races Race Does Have Biological Consequences How Is Race Culturally Constructed? The Construction of Blackness and Whiteness in Colonial Virginia and Beyond Racialization in Latin America Saying Race Is Culturally Constructed Is Not Enough How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized? Ethnicity: Common Descent Class: Economic Hierarchy in Capitalist Societies Caste: Moral Purity and Pollution Are Prejudice and Discrimination Inevitable? Understanding Prejudice Discrimination, Explicit and Disguised The Other Side of Discrimination: Unearned Privilege CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Hortense Powdermaker on Prejudice DOING FIELDWORK: Tamie Tsuchiyama and Fieldwork in a Japanese-American Internment Camp THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Talking About Race and Racism 11. Gender, Sex, and Sexuality: The Fluidity of Maleness and Femaleness How and Why Do Males and Females Differ? Shifting Views on Male and Female Differences Beyond the Male-Female Binary Do Hormones Really Cause Gendered Differences in Behavior? Why Is There Inequality Between Men and Women? Debating The Second Sex Taking Stock of the Debate Reproducing Male-Female Inequalities Transformations in Feminist Anthropology What Does It Mean to Be Neither Male Nor Female? Navajo Nadleehe Indian Hijras Trans in the United States Is Human Sexuality Just a Matter of Being Straight or Queer? Cultural Perspectives on Same-Sex Sexuality Controlling Sexuality CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Margaret Mead and the Sex/Gender Distinction DOING FIELDWORK: Don Kulick and Coming Out in the Field 12. Kinship, Marriage, and the Family: Love, Sex, and Power What Are Families, and How Are They Structured in Different Societies? Families, Ideal and Real Nuclear and Extended Families Clans and Lineages Kinship Terminologies Cultural Patterns in Childrearing How Do Families Control Power and Wealth? Claiming a Bride Recruiting the Kids The Dowry in India: Providing a Financial Safety Net for a Bride Controlling Family Wealth Through Inheritance Why Do People Get Married? Why People Get Married Forms of Marriage Sex, Love, and the Power of Families Over Young Couples How Are Social and Technological Changes Reshaping How People Think About Family? International Adoptions and the Problem of Cultural Identity In Vitro Fertilization Surrogate Mothers and Sperm Donors CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: A. L. Kroeber on Classificatory Systems of Relationship DOING FIELDWORK: Andrea Louie on Negotiating Identity and Culture in International Adoptions THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Family-Centered Social Work and Anthropology 13. Religion: Ritual and Belief How Should We Understand Religion and Religious Beliefs? Understanding Religion, Version 1.0: Edward Burnett Tylor and Belief in Spirits Understanding Religion, Version 2.0: Anthony F. C. Wallace on Super-natural Beings, Powers, and Forces Understanding Religion, Version 3.0: Religion as a System of Symbols Understanding Religion, Version 4.0: Religion as a System of Social Action Making Sense of the Terrorist Attacks in France: Charlie Hebdo What Forms Does Religion Take? Clan Spirits and Clan Identities in New Guinea Totemism in North America Shamanism and Ecstatic Religious Experiences Ritual Symbols That Reinforce a Hierarchical Social Order Polytheism and Monotheism in Ancient Societies World Religions and Universal Understandings of the World The Localization of World Religions How Does Atheism Fit in the Discussion? How Do Rituals Work? Magical Thought in Non-Western Cultures Sympathetic Magic: The Law of Similarity and the Law of Contagion Applying These Principles to Religious Activities Magic in Western Societies Rites of Passage and the Ritual Process How Is Religion Linked to Political and Social Action? The Rise of Fundamentalism Understanding Fundamentalism CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Sir James G. Frazer on Sympathetic Magic DOING FIELDWORK: Studying the Sikh Militants THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Is Anthropology Compatible with Religious Faith? A WORLD IN MOTION: Contemporary Pilgrimage and the Camino de Santiago 14. The Body: Biocultural Perspectives on Health and Illness How Do Biological and Cultural Factors Shape Our Bodily Experiences? Uniting Mind and Matter: A Biocultural Perspective Culture and Mental Illness What Do We Mean by Health and Illness? The Individual Subjectivity of Illness The Sick Role: The Social Expectations of Illness How and Why Do Doctors, Healers, and Other Health Practitioners Gain Social Authority? The Disease-Illness Distinction: Professional and Popular Views of Sick-ness The Medicalization of the Non-Medical How Does Healing Happen? Clinical Therapeutic Processes Symbolic Therapeutic Processes Social Support Persuasion: The Placebo Effect What Can Anthropology Do to Help Us Address Global Health Problems? Understanding Global Health Problems Anthropological Contributions to Tackling the International HIV/AIDS Crisis CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Arthur Kleinman and the New Medical Anthropological Methodology ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Nancy Scheper-Hughes on an Engaged Anthropology of Health A WORLD IN MOTION: Medical Tourism and Yemen THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Zak Kaufman, Grassroot Soccer, and the Fight to Slow the Spread of HIV/AIDS 15. Materiality: Constructing Social Relationships and Meanings with Things Why Is the Ownership of Artifacts from Other Cultures a Contentious Issue? Questions of Ownership, Rights, and Protection Cultural Resource Management: Not Just for Archaeologists How Should We Look at Objects Anthropologically? The Many Dimensions of Objects A Shiny New Bicycle, in Multiple Dimensions The Power of Symbols The Symbols of Power How and Why Do the Meanings of Things Change Over Time? The Social Life of Things Three Ways Objects Change Over Time How Do Objects Help Shape and Express Our Goals and Aspirations? The Cultural Biography of Things The Culture of Mass Consumption How Advertisers Manipulate Our Goals and Aspirations CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Daniel Miller on Why Some Things Matter ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: John Terrell, Repatriation, and the Maori Meeting House at The Field Museum THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LIFE: Richard Busch, Education Collections Manager at the Denver Museum of Science and Nature Epilogue Glossary References Credits List of Boxes Index
