1. Recognizing Anything The colorful world of radiology A systematic approach - the truth about systems Terminology Conventions used in this book 2. Recognizing a Technically Adequate Chest Radiograph Penetration Inspiration Rotation Magnification Angulation The lateral chest 3. Recognizing Cardiomegaly The cardiothoracic ratio Extracardiac causes of apparent cardiac enlargement Effect of projection and inspiration on perception of heart size Recognizing cardiomegaly in infants 4. Recognizing Airspace versus Interstitial Lung Disease Normal lung markings Characteristics of airspace disease Some causes of airspace disease Characteristics of interstitial lung disease Some causes of interstitial lung disease 5. Recognizing the Causes of an Opacified Hemithorax Atelectasis of the entire lung Massive pleural effusion Pneumonia of an entire lung Post-pneumonectomy 6. Recognizing Atelectasis What is atelectasis? Signs of atelectasis Types of atelectasis Patterns of collapse in lobar atelectasis How atelectasis resolves 7. Recognizing a Pleural Effusion Normal anatomy and physiology of the pleural space Causes of pleural effusions Types of pleural effusions Recognizing the different appearances of pleural effusions Side-specificity of pleural effusions 8. Recognizing Pneumonia General considerations Recognizing pneumonia - general characteristics Patterns of pneumonia Aspiration pneumonia Localizing pneumonia How pneumonia resolves 9. Recognizing Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, Pneumopericardium, and Subcutaneous Emphysema Normal anatomy Recognizing a pneumothorax Recognizing the pitfalls in overdiagnosing a pneumothorax Types of pneumothoraces Causes of a pneumothorax Other ways to diagnose a pneumothorax Pulmonary interstitial edema (PIE) Recognizing pneumomediastinum Recognizing pneumopericardium Recognizing subcutaneous emphysema 10. The ABCs of Heart Disease: Recognizing Adult Heart Disease from the Frontal Chest Radiograph Heart size Cardiac contours - ascending aorta Cardiac contours - double density of left atrial enlargement Cardiac contours - right atrium Cardiac contours - aortic knob Cardiac contours - main pulmonary artery Cardiac contours-concavity for left atrium Cardiac contours - left ventricle Cardiac contours - descending aorta The pulmonary vasculature - normal The pulmonary vasculature-pulmonary venous hypertension The pulmonary vasculature - pulmonary arterial hypertenison The pulmonary vasculature - increased flow to the lungs The pulmonary vasculature - decreased flow to the lungs The ABCs of heart disease system A - is the left atrium enlarged? B - is the main pulmonary artery big or bulbous? C - is the main pulmonary artery segment concave? D - is the heart a dilated or delta-shaped heart Other facts 11. Recognizing Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema Congestive heart failure - general considerations Pulmonary interstitial edema Pulmonary alveolar edema Non-cardiogenic alveolar edema - general considerations Differentiating cardiac from non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema 12. Recognizing the Correct Placement of Lines and Tubes and Their Potential Complications: Critical Care Radiology Endotracheal tubes and tracheostomies Intravascular catheters Pleural drainage tubes (chest tubes, thoracotomy tubes) Cardiac devices - pacemakers, AICD, IABP GI tubes and lines - nasogastric tubes, feeding tubes 13. Recognizing Mediastinal and Lung Masses and Metastases Mediastinal masses Anterior mediastinum Middle mediastinal masses Aortic aneurysms Posterior mediastinal masses Solitary nodule/mass in the lung Bronchogenic carcinoma Metastatic neoplasms in the lung 14. Recognizing the Basics on CT of the Chest Introduction Normal chest CT anatomy Five-vessel level Aortic arch level Aorto-pulmonary window level Main pulmonary artery level High cardiac level Low cardiac level The fissures Selected abnormalities visible on chest CT scans Pulmonary thromboembolic disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Blebs and bulae, cysts and cavities Bronchiectasis Chest trauma Pericardial effusion Cardiac CT 15. Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: Conventional Radiographs Recognizing the normal abdomen - what to look for Recognizing the normal abdomen - normal bowel gas pattern Recognizing the normal abdomen - normal fluid levels Differentiating large from small bowel Acute abdominal series - the views and what they show Recognizing the normal abdomen - extraluminal air Recognizing the normal abdomen - calcifications Recognizing the normal abdomen - organomegaly 16. Recognizing Bowel Obstruction and Ileus Abnormal gas patterns Laws of the gut Functional ileus - localized - sentinal loops Functional ileus - generalized adynamic ileus Mechanical obstruction - small bowel obstruction (SBO) Mechanical obstruction - large bowel obstruction (LBO) Intestinal psuedo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) 17. Recognizing Extraluminal Gas in the Abdomen Signs of free intraperitoneal air Air beneath the diaphragm Visualization of both sides of the bowel wall Visualization of the falciform ligament Causes of free air Signs of extraperitoneal air (retroperitoneal air) Causes of extraperitoneal air Signs of air in the bowel wall Causes and significance of air in the bowel wall Signs of air in the biliary system Causes of air in the biliary system 18. Recognizing Abnormal Calcifications and Their Causes Patterns of calcification Rimlike calcification Linear or track-like calcification Lamellar or laminar calcification Cloudlike, amorphous, or popcorn calcification Location of calcification 19. Recognizing Tumors, Tics, and Ulcers: Radiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract Recognizing abnormalities of the GI tract from top to bottom Esophagus Hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) Stomach and duodenum Small bowel Large bowel Terminology Common principles for all gastrointestinal barium studies 20. Recognizing the Basics on CT of the Abdomen General considerations Liver Biliary system Spleen Kidneys Pancreas Small and large bowel Female pelvis Urinary bladder Abdominal aortic aneurysms Adenopathy 21. Recognizing Abnormalities of Bone Density Normal bone anatomy The effect of bone physiology on bone anatomy Recognizing a generalized increase in bone density Recognizing a focal increase in bone density Recognizing a generalized decrease in bone density Recognizing a focal decrease in bone density Pathologic fractures 22. Recognizing Fractures and Dislocations Recognizing an acute fracture Recognizing dislocations and subluxations Describing fractures Avulsion fractures Salter-Harris fractures - epiphyseal plate fractures in children Stress fractures Common fracture eponyms Some easily missed fractures or dislocations Fracture healing 23. Recognizing Joint Disease: An Approach to Arthritis Classification of arthritis Anatomy of a joint Hypertrophic arthritis Infectious arthritis Erosive arthritis 24. Recognizing Some Common Causes of Neck and Back Pain Conventional radiography, CT, and MRI The normal spine Back pain Herniated discs Degenerative disc disease (DDD) Osteoarthritis of the facet joints Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) Compression fractures of the spine Spondylolesthesis and spondylolysis Spinal stenosis Spinal trauma Malignancy involving the spine 25. Recognizing Abnormal Head CT Findings Normal anatomy and general considerations Head trauma Increased intracranial pressure Stroke Ruptured aneurysms Hydrocephalus Brain tumors Other diseases Terminology
